Module 6 CHAPTER 33A Flashcards
Role of Skeletal System in Movement
Supports the soft tissues of the body
Protects crucial components of the body
Furnishes surfaces for the attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Provides storage areas for minerals and fat
Produces blood cells
Bones Classified by Shape
Long bones: upper and lower extremities
Short bones: wrist and ankle
Flat bones: ribs and skull bones
Irregular bones: spinal column and jaw
Types of Joints
Fibrous (immovable/synarthrosis)
Sutures between bones of skull
Cartilaginous (slightly movable/amphiarthrosis)
Pubic symphysis; joints between bodies of vertebrae
Synovial (Freely movable/diarthrosis)
Gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket joints
Joint Movements #1
Abduction Adduction Circumduction Flexion Extension Hyperextension Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Rotation Internal rotation External rotation Supination Pronation Inversion Eversion
Three Types of Muscles
Skeletal (Conscious movement)
Cardiac
Smooth or visceral (Controlled by unconscious part of brain)
Important Functions of Muscles
Motion
Maintenance of posture
Support
Heat production
Effect of Nervous System
on Muscle Contraction
The skeletal and muscular systems cannot produce purposeful movement without a functioning nervous system. Nerve impulses stimulate muscles to contract.
Neurons conduct impulses from one part of the body to another.
The afferent nervous system conveys information to the CNS.
Information is processed by the CNS leading to a response.
The efferent neurons convey the response from the CNS to skeletal muscles by way of the somatic nervous system
Postural Reflexes
Postural reflexes are the group of reflexes (automatic movements) that maintain body position and equilibrium, whether at rest or during movement. Labyrinthine sense Proprioceptor or kinesthetic sense Visual or optic reflexes Extensor or stretch reflexes
Factors Affecting Mobility and Alignment
Developmental level/considerations Table 33-3 Physical health Muscular, Skeletal, or Nervous System Problems Problems Involving Other Body Systems Mental health Lifestyle Attitude and values Fatigue and stress External factors
Problems Affecting Joint Mobility
Inflammation, degeneration, and trauma can all interfere with joint mobility.
The term arthritis describes more than 100 different diseases that affect areas in or around joints.
Arthritis is characterized by inflammation, pain, damage to joint cartilage, and/or stiffness
The most common type is osteoarthritis, also termed degenerative joint disease.
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a noninflammatory, progressive disorder of movable joints, particularly weight-bearing joints, characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage and pain with motion.
Once the articular cartilage is damaged, bony deposits (bone spurs) may form in the joints, causing more pain with movement of the joint.
Types of Exercises
Isotonic: muscle shortening and active movement
-ADL’s, swimming
Isometric: muscle contraction without shortening
Yoga,
Isokinetic: muscle contraction with resistance
-weight training
Benefits of Exercise to Cardiovascular System Table 33-4
Increased efficiency of the heart Decreased heart rate and blood pressure Increased blood flow to all body parts Improved venous return Increased circulating fibrinolysin (substance that breaks up small clots)
Benefits of Exercise to Respiratory System Table 33-4
Improved alveolar ventilation
Decreased work of breathing
Improved diaphragmatic excursion
Benefits of Exercise to Musculoskeletal System Table 33-4
Increased muscle efficiency (strength) and flexibility
Increased coordination
Reduced bone loss
Increased efficiency of nerve impulse transmission
