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BMSC 207 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the special senses? (5)

A
  • vision
  • hearing
  • taste
  • smell
  • equilibrium
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2
Q

What are the somatic senses? (5)

A
  • touch
  • temperature
  • pain
  • itch
  • proprioception
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3
Q

What are the somatic stimuli? (2)

A
  • muscle length and tension

- proprioception

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4
Q

What are the visceral stimuli? (8)

A
  • blood pressure
  • distensions of gastrointestinal tract
  • blood glucose concentration
  • internal body temperature
  • osmolarity of body fluids
  • lung inflation
  • pH of cerebrospinal fluid
  • pH and oxygen content of blood
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5
Q

What does a sensory neuron generally do? How does this occur?

A

A sensory neuron with a transducer (receptor) converts a physical stimulus into an intracellular signal.
This usually occurs through the opening or closing of gated channels.

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6
Q

What receptors are chemoreceptors? (4)

A
  • blood chemoreceptors
  • nociceptors
  • hypothalamic glucose sensing neurons
  • taste, smell
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7
Q

What receptors are mechanoreceptors? (5)

A
  • touch
  • proprioceptors
  • nociceptors
  • auditory (hair cells)
  • balance (cupula)
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8
Q

What receptors are photoreceptors? (1)

A

vision (rods and cones)

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9
Q

What receptors are thermoreceptors? (2)

A
  • thermal receptors

- nociceptors

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10
Q

Where is visceral sensory information integrated?

A

In the brainstem and spinal cord.

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11
Q

Where are almost all special and somatic sensory neurons routed?

A

Through the thalamus

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12
Q

special senses vs somatic senses

A

special senses have dedicated cortical regions.

somatic senses are integrated in the primary somatosensory cortex.

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13
Q

What are the 4 properties of a stimulus that the CNS distinguishes?

A
  1. modality
  2. location
  3. intensity
  4. duration
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14
Q

What is meant by modality?

A

The physical stimuli being sensed, determined by sensory receptor being activated, temperature vs touch receptor, and where the pathways terminate in the brain.

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15
Q

Why is the location of a stimulus important?

A

Stimuli are coded according to which receptive fields are being activated. Most sensory stimuli for specific regions of the body are projected to particular areas of the somatosensory cortex.

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16
Q

What does sound localization depend on?

A

The timing in which sound reaches the auditory cortex from each ear.

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17
Q

What is intensity of a stimulus determined by?

A

The number of receptors being activated (population coding) and the frequency of action potentials coming from those receptors (frequency coding).

18
Q

How is the duration of a stimulus determined?

A

determined by how long action potentials are being activated.

19
Q

tonic receptors vs phasic receptors

A

Tonic receptors are slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of the stimulus.
Phasic receptors rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turn off.

20
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, many glands, and some adipose tissue.

21
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic: fight or flight
Parasympathetic: rest and digest

22
Q

what do autonomic pathways consist of?

A

Two neurons that synapse in an autonomic ganglion.

23
Q

Preganglionic neuron vs postganglionic neuron

A

Preganglionic neuron: extends out toward periphery

Postganglionic neuron: communicates with target cell

24
Q

What is more common in autonomic pathways: convergence or divergence?

A

Divergence is more common. 1 preganglionic neuron will synapse with 8 or 9 postganglionic neurons.

25
Q

Where are ganglia found in the sympathetic pathway? Where do they originate? How do the sizes of pre and post ganglionic neurons differ?

A
  • Ganglia are mainly found in two ganglion chains running alongside the vertebral column
  • preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions
  • short preganglionic neurons, long postganglionic neurons
26
Q

Where do ganglia originate in the parasympathetic pathway? Where are they located? How do the sizes of pre and post ganglionic neurons differ?

A
  • preganglionic neurons originate in the brainstem and exit via cranial nerves or from the sacral region of the spinal cord.
  • mainly located on or near their target organs.
  • long preganglionic neurons, short postganglionic neurons.
27
Q

Which cranial nerve contains 75% of all parasympathetic neurons?

A

Cranial nerve X (vagus nerve)

28
Q

What chemical signals do sympathetic pathways use? (2)

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

29
Q

What chemical signals do parasympathetic pathways use?

A

acetylcholine

30
Q

What is the adrenal medulla? What is it associated with?

A

a specialized neuroendocrine structure associated with the sympathetic nervous system.

31
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Signal molecules formed from tyrosine; include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

32
Q

What do autonomic pathways target? Where are receptors located?

A
  • target smooth and cardiac muscle, many exocrine glands, a few endocrine glands, lymphoid tissue, and some adipose tissue.
  • receptors are not clustered under varicosities, neurotransmitter diffuses to receptors.
33
Q

What are the primary autonomic neurotransmitters? Where can they be synthesized?

A
  • primary neurotransmitters are acetylcholine and norepinephrine
  • can be synthesized in the varicosities
34
Q

What are sympathetic adrenergic (NE and E) receptors?

A
  • sympathetic adrenergic (NE and E) receptors are all g-protein coupled receptors (metabotropic receptors).
  • two main categories are alpha (most common) and beta with multiple subtypes.
35
Q

What are parasympathetic cholinergic (ACh) receptors?

A
  • all g-protein coupled receptors

- 5 subtypes

36
Q

Where is receptor M1 of the parasympathetic cholinergic receptors found? What does it do?

A
  • found in the stomach and in salivary glands

- activates phospholipase C

37
Q

Where is receptor M2 of the parasympathetic cholinergic receptors found? What does it do?

A
  • found in the heart

- decreases cAMP, inhibits voltage gated calcium channels, and activates K+ channels

38
Q

Where is receptor M3 of the parasympathetic cholinergic receptor found? What does it do?

A
  • found in the smooth muscle of some organs, the airways, and glands
  • activates phospholipase C
39
Q

What does the interaction of G-protein coupled receptors with ion channels lead to?

A

Opening or closing of a channel depending on the g-protein (gi or gs)

40
Q

What does the interaction of G-protein coupled receptors with membrane bound enzymes do? (2 types)

A
  1. Phospholipase C signal transduction pathway: increase in intracellular Ca^2+ mediates a cellular response
  2. adenylyl cyclase signal transduction pathway: PKA phosphorylates proteins to cause a cellular response

BMSC 207 (6 decks)

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