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BMSC 207 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What does grey matter in the brain consist of?

A

Unmyelinated somas, dendrites, and axons.

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2
Q

What does the white matter in the brain consist of?

A

Mainly myelinated axons.

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3
Q

What does the dorsal root in the spinal cord do?

A

Carries sensory (afferent) information to the CNS.

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4
Q

What does the ventral root of the spinal cord do?

A

Carries motor (efferent) information to muscles and glands.

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5
Q

What are ascending tracts?

A

Groups of neurons in the spinal cord that carry information towards the brain.

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6
Q

What are descending tracts?

A

Groups of neurons in the spinal cord that carry information away from the brain.

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7
Q

Nuclei vs ganglia

A

Nuclei: a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS.
Ganglia: a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS.

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8
Q

What does a spinal reflex do?

A

Initiates a response without input from the brain.

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9
Q

What are the 6 major divisions of the brain?

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. diencephalon
  4. medulla
  5. midbrain
  6. pons
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10
Q

What does the brainstem do? What runs through it?

A

Carries sensory and motor information for the head and neck.

Ascending and descending tracts run through it.

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11
Q

What is the brainstem involved in?

A

Arousal and sleep, muscle tone and stretch reflexes, coordination of breathing, blood pressure regulation, and modulation of pain.

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12
Q

What makes up the medulla?

A

White matter contain all ascending somatosensory tracts and descending corticospinal tracts.

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13
Q

What does the medulla control?

A

Many involuntary functions: including the cardiovascular centre and the medullary respiratory centre.
Vomiting, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and hiccuping.

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14
Q

What does the pons contain?

A

Nuclei and tracts

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15
Q

What are the functions of the pons?

A

Relays information between the cerebellum and cerebrum and assists the medulla in the coordination of breathing.

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16
Q

Where is the midbrain located? What does it contain?

A

Midbrain is the junction between the lower brainstem and the diencephalon.
It contains nuclei and tracts.

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17
Q

What are the functions of the midbrain?

A

Primary function is controlling eye movement, also relays auditory and visual reflexes (being startled).

18
Q

Where is reticular formation located? What is it made up of?

A

Extended throughout the brainstem: small clusters of neuronal cell bodies interspersed among tracts.

19
Q

What is reticular formation important in?

A

Consciousness, arousal, attention, and alertness.

20
Q

When is the reticular formation inactivated? What can happen if it is damaged?

A

Inactivated during sleep.

Damage can induce coma.

21
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Processes sensory information and coordinates the execution of movement, as well as sends feedback signals to motor areas of the cerebral cortex.
Regulates posture and balance.

22
Q

Where is the diencephalon located?

A

Lies between the brainstem and cerebrum.

23
Q

What are the two primary structures of the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus.

24
Q

What are the two endocrine structures of the diencephalon?

A

The pineal gland and pituitary.

25
Q

What is the purpose of the thalamus?

A

Receives sensory information from the optic tract, ears, spinal cord, and motor information from the cerebellum and projects information to the cerebrum for processing.

26
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Cyclically releases melatonin involved in sleep/wake

27
Q

What is the hypothalamus the centre of? What does it influence?

A

Centre for homeostasis.

Influences autonomic and endocrine functions.

28
Q

What are the main functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • helps maintain blood glucose concentrations.
  • maintains body temperature
  • controls body osmolarity
  • controls food intake
29
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Endocrine output of the hypothalamus

30
Q

Posterior pituitary vs anterior pituitary

A

Posterior: neural tissue
Anterior: endocrine tissue

31
Q

What is the cerebrum composed of?

A

Grey matter which includes: cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system.

32
Q

How is the cerebrum divided?

A

Two hemispheres divided into four lobes, connected by corpus callosum.

33
Q

What are the three types of nuclei in the basal ganglia?

A
  • globus pallidus
  • putamen
  • caudate nucleus
34
Q

What is the major job of the basal ganglia?

A

Regulating the initiation and termination of movement.

35
Q

What does the limbic system play a primary role in?

A

A range of emotions, including pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger.
Also believed to play a role in learning and memory.

36
Q

What are the three major components of the limbic system?

A
  1. cingulate gyrus
  2. amygdala
  3. hippocampus
37
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outermost layer of the cerebrum. It is the integrating centre for the CNS.

38
Q

What are the three specializations of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. sensory areas (translate sensory input into perception)
  2. motor areas (direct skeletal muscle movement)
  3. association areas (integrate information from sensory and motor areas and help direct voluntary behaviours)
39
Q

What is involved in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum?

A

Skeletal muscle movement:
- primary motor cortex
- motor association area (premotor cortex)
prefrontal association area (involved in planning)

40
Q

What is involved in the parietal lobe of the cerebrum?

A
  • primary somatic sensory cortex

- sensory association area

41
Q

What is involved in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum?

A
  • visual association area

- visual cortex

42
Q

What is involved in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum?

A
  • auditory complex

- auditory association area

BMSC 207 (6 decks)

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