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BMSC 207 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent vs Efferent neurons

A

Afferent neurons carry information towards the central nervous system.
Efferent neurons carry information away from the central nervous system.

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2
Q

What are the components of the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

The peripheral nervous system consists of nerve tissue outside the CNS: cranial nerves and branches, spinal nerves and branches, ganglia, plexuses, and sensory receptors.

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4
Q

What are the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

The afferent division, which consists of somatic sensory, visceral sensory, and special sensory.
The efferent division, which consists of the somatic motor and autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic).

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell body?

A

The cell body is the control centre, with processes that extend outwards (dendrites and axons).

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6
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

Receives incoming signals from neighbouring cells.

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7
Q

What is the function of axons?

A

Carry outgoing signals from the integrating centre to target cells.

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8
Q

What does the presynaptic terminal contain?

A

Contains transmitting elements (usually chemical transmission).

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9
Q

What do afferent sensory neurons do?

A

Carry information about temperature, pressure, light, and other stimuli to the CNS.
Have specialized receptors that convert stimulus into electrical energy.

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10
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Complex branching neurons that facilitate communication between neurons.

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11
Q

What do efferent motor neurons control? What do they usually contain?

A

Control skeletal muscles.

Usually have axon terminals and varicosities.

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12
Q

What do autonomic neurons do? What do they usually contain?

A

Influence many organs.

Usually have axon terminals and varicosities.

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13
Q

What is axonal transport?

A

The movement of materials between the axon terminal and the cell body of a neuron.

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14
Q

What are the 6 steps of axonal transport?

A
  1. peptides are synthesized on the rough ER and packaged by the golgi apparatus
  2. fast axonal transport walks vesicles and mitochondria along the microtubule network
  3. vesicle contents are released via exocytosis
  4. synaptic vesicle recycling
  5. retrograde fast axonal transport
  6. old membrane components digested in lysosomes
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15
Q

What is fast axonal transport? What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde?

A

Fast axonal transport transports membrane bound proteins and organelles.
Anterograde: cell body to axon terminal, up to 400mm/day.
Retrograde: axon terminal to cell body, 200mm/day.

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16
Q

What does slow axonal transport move?

A

Transports cytoplasmic proteins (enzymes) and cytoskeleton proteins.
Anterograde: up to 8mm/day

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17
Q

Why is slow axonal transport believed to be slower?

A

Slower due to frequent periods of pausing of movement.

18
Q

Kinesins vs Dyneins

A

Kinesins are used in anterograde transport and are believed to follow positive charge.
Dyneins are used in retrograde transport.

19
Q

What drives movement of proteins to walk along filaments?

A

ATP hydrolysis

20
Q

What do synapses contain?

A

Extracellular matrix (proteins and carbohydrates) that hold the pre and post synaptic cells in close proximity.

21
Q

What are growth cones? What do they depend on?

A

Growth cones are found on axons of embryonic nerve cells and sense and move toward particular chemical signals.
They depend on growth factors, molecules in the extracellular matrix, and membrane proteins.

22
Q

What is myelin? What does it do?

A

Myelin is a substance composed of multiple concentric layers of phospholipid membrane wrapped around an axon.
It provides structural support, insulation to speed up electrical signals, and supplies trophic factors.

23
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Forms myelin. Wraps the axons of multiple neurons in the CNS - up to 50.

24
Q

What are Schwann Cells?

A

Forms myelin in the PNS. One cell wraps around a segment of one neuron.

25
Q

Where are satellite glial cells found? What do they do?

A

Found within ganglia in the PNS.
Form a supportive capsule around the cell bodies of neurons (sensory and autonomic). Also provide nutrients and structural support.

26
Q

What are astrocytes? What are their functions?

A

Astrocytes are highly branched glial cells in the CNS.
Functions:
- take up and release chemicals at synapses
- provide neurons with substrates for ATP production
- help maintain homeostasis in the extracellular fluid (take up K+ and H2O)
- surround vessels (part of blood brain barrier)

27
Q

What are microganglia? What diseases can arise when mictroganglia display detrimental properties?

A

Microganglia are specialized immune cells in the CNS. They protect and preserve neuronal cells from pathogens and facilitate recovery from metabolic insults.
When showing detrimental properties, Alzheimer’s disease, ALS, and neuropathic pain can occur.

28
Q

What are ependymal cells? What do they do?

A

Ependymal cells line fluid filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord, and are a possible source for neural stem cells.
They help to circulate cerebral spinal fluid for protection, chemical stability, and clearing wastes.

29
Q

What happens when a neuron is injured?

A

In the CNS, repair is less likely to occur naturally, glia tend to seal off and form scar tissue.
When the axon is cut, the section attached to the cell body continues to live while the section distal to the cut begins to disintegrate.

30
Q

What is the resting membrane potential equal to? What is it due to?

A

Equal to -70mV in most neurons.

Mostly due to K+, but Na+ contributes slightly.

31
Q

What causes mechanically gated channels to open? Where are they found?

A

Open in response to physical forces such as pressure or stretch.
Found in sensory neurons.

32
Q

What do chemically gated ion channels respond to?

A

In neurons, they respond to ligands including extracellular neurotransmitters and neuromodulators or intracellular signalling molecules.

33
Q

What do voltage gated channels respond to?

A

Respond to changes in the cell’s membrane potential.

34
Q

What are channelopathies? What do they do?

A

Channelopathies are a mutation in the DNA responsible for creating ion channels.
Can disrupt how ions normally flow through the ion channel and can alter channel activation and inactivation. (cystic fibrosis, congenital insensitivity to pain, muscle disorders).

35
Q

What are two sources of resistance in a cell?

A
  1. membrane resistance: resistance of the phospholipid bilayer.
  2. internal resistance of the cytoplasm: cytoplasmic composition and size of cell.
36
Q

What are graded potentials? What are they generated by?

A

variable strength signals that travel over short distances and lose strength as they travel. They can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing.
Generated by chemically gated ion channels or closure of leak channels.

37
Q

What are action potentials?

A

Very brief, large depolarizations that travel for long distances through a neuron without losing strength.

38
Q

Excitatory vs Inhibitory graded potentials

A

Excitatory: depolarization, increase the chance of generating an action potential.
Inhibitory: hyperpolarization, prevents an action potential from being generated.

39
Q

What is there a high concentration of on the axon hillock (trigger zone)?

A

High concentration of voltage gated Na+ channels

40
Q

How many mV must the membrane potential be for an action potential to be generated?

A

-55mV

BMSC 207 (6 decks)

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