Module 6 Flashcards
1
Q
OVERSEAS FILIPINOS
A
- More than 10 million overseas Filipinos worldwide
- Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW) or temporary overseas workers
- Irregular overseas Filipinos
- Permanent overseas Filipinos
2
Q
- A Filipino who is employed to work outside the Philippines
- Staying overseas is employment related and they are expected to return at the end of their work contracts
A
OFWs or temporary overseas workers
3
Q
- Those who are not properly documented or without valid residence or work permits or who are overstaying in a foreign country
A
Irregular overseas Filipinos
4
Q
- Immigrants or legal permanent residents abroad
- Stay does not depend on work contracts
A
Permanent overseas Filipinos
5
Q
- 1900’s
- Thousands fled because of the widespread poverty brought by the Philippine-American war
- Hawaiian plantations
- By 1934, there were about 120,000 Filipino workers in Hawaiian plantations
- Characterized by migration to the US with the option to stay there for good or to return to the country
A
First Wave
6
Q
- Characterized by an outflow of professionals to the US (Doctors, dentists and mechanical technicians)
- Migration primarily induced by the desire to “look for greener pastures”
- By 1975, more than 250,000 Filipinos have migrated to the US
A
Second Wave
7
Q
- Economic boom brought about by the dramatic increase in oil prices enabled oil-rich countries in the Middle East to pursue developmental projects
- Characterized by short-term contractual relationships between the worker and the foreign employer
A
Third Wave
8
Q
Geometrical growth in the number of labor migrants:
A
1971 – 1,863 1976 – 47,835 1983 – 434,207 1984 to 1995 – 490,267 annually Highest worker deployment in 2012 at 2,083,233
9
Q
PHILIPPINE MIGRATION PROFILE
A
- Today, the Philippines is the largest organized exporter of labor in the world
- 8 million OFWs worldwide
- 10% of the total population
- Working in 193 countries
- Each year, the Philippines sends out more than a million Filipinos
- Doctors, accountants, IT professionals, entertainers, teachers, nurses, engineers, military servicemen, students, domestic helpers, housekeepers, caregivers, seafarers and factory workers
10
Q
Overseas Migration Trends (1)
A
- There are more Filipinos who leave the country for temporary contract work than those who leave to reside permanently abroad.
- The predominance of the Middle East as a work destination in the 70’s and early 80’s gave way to the emergence of Asia as increasingly important alternative destinations for Filipino labor in the mid-80’s and 90’s.
11
Q
Overseas Migration Trends (2)
A
- Females dominate migrant deployment since the 80’s.
- 65 to 70% who leave the country are women
- From deploying production, transport, construction and related workers in the 70’s and mid-80’s, deployment has shifted to an ever increasing proportion of service workers, particularly domestic helpers in the mid-80’s and 90’s.
12
Q
THE BREADWINNERS: FEMALE MIGRANT WORKERS
A
- Only in the Philippines do women constitute a large part of the workforce
- 1992: 51% of newly-hired overseas workers were women
- 1994: the figure had risen to 60%
- 1999: 64%
- Filipino women rank among the most mobile or migratory in Asia
13
Q
THE BREADWINNERS: FEMALE MIGRANT WORKERS
A
- Many male Filipino migrants work in construction
- This sector has been shrinking owing to an economic slowdown in the Middle East and the Asian financial crisis
- Jobs filled by Filipino women are less likely to be filled by women from host countries
- Demeaning work
- Domestic help: large portion of Filipino overseas workers
- Caregiving
14
Q
(GAINS)
Financial contribution through remittances
A
- OFWs brought in over US$62 billion from 1990 - 2003
- In 2004, the Central Bank of the Philippines reported a total remittance intake of US$7.6 billion
- 2005 - more than US$10 billion
- 2012 – more than US$21 billion
15
Q
(GAINS)
Financial contribution through remittances 2
A
- Female overseas workers tend to remit 71% more than their male counterparts
- Tend to send all they can to help their families
- Filipino workers in HK, mostly domestics, sent home $36 million during the first 2 months of 1995
- The more numerous and largely male Filipino overseas labor force in Saudi Arabia remitted only $1.2 million
16
Q
(GAINS)
Increase in the income for individual families
A
- Overseas work enables many Filipino families to buy expensive appliances, buy new homes and send children and siblings to school
- Between 22 to 35 million Filipinos, 34 – 53% of the total population
- Directly dependent on remittance from migrant workers
- Overseas migrants are able to help other family members in ways that would not be possible, if they stayed in the Philippines
17
Q
Tacoli Study (1996) of Filipino migrants to Rome
A
- Mothers send home the equivalent of 6.4 monthly salaries every year, higher than the 5.5 monthly salaries contributed by the fathers
- Among single workers, daughters also remit bigger amounts and on a more regular basis compared to sons
- Reveals the financial consideration in the decision to move, but underlying this is the family’s desire for social mobility
18
Q
(Tacoli Study)
The process of social mobility takes the following forms:
A
- Investment in the schooling of the children to enable them to go to exclusive and expensive private schools and universities
- Funds for the purchase of land
- Capital to set up a small business managed by the family
- Jeepney transport
- Sari-sari store - Money to build or buy a home for the household or to rent out
19
Q
- Migrant family is better off economically than the non-migrant family
- Financial support from abroad is beneficial to the extended family
- Large houses, vehicles, education of the children, farms, money-lending business, livestock-raising, jeepney and school bus operations are all sourced from earnings of migrants
A
Concepcion study (1998)
20
Q
Problems of OFWs
A
- Pre-departure
- On-site
- Return migration
21
Q
- High cost of placement fees
- Lack of information on policies of host country
- Lack of preparation of migrant workers and families
- Illegal recruitment, deployment or departure
- Lack of domestic economic and employment opportunities, as well as limited job options
A
Pre-departure
22
Q
- Abusive and exploitative work conditions
- Contract substitution
- Inadequate mechanisms on protection, and compliance monitoring of these
- Limited on-site services for OFWs
- Ill-attended health needs
- Rampant trafficking of women
- Social and cultural adaptation problems
A
On-site
23
Q
- Incidence of violence
- Inadequate preparation for interracial marriages
- Lack of welfare and other officials to attend to migrant workers’ needs
- Lack of support or cooperation from government of host country
A
On-site
24
Q
- Lack of opportunity to absorb returning migrant workers
- Lack of savings
- Inability to manage income
- Broken families
- Reintegration problem of women migrant workers
A
Return migration
25
Q
Abuses and exploitation
A
- Not only are overseas workers beyond the reach of their own countries’ help, they are often denied the protection of international labor standards as well
- Two Filipinos arrive in a box at the Philippine International Airport every day (1996, OWWA)
- 54 Filipinos arrive in a box every month (1997, DFA)
- Reasons for the deaths are varied
- Most of them are Filipino OCWs
26
Q
Abuses and exploitation (2)
A
- 700 workers, mostly women, die each year following mistreatment by their employers
Most cases of death and abuse against female overseas workers occur in Arab countries
27
Q
Abuses and exploitation (3): Sarah Balabagan, a domestic worker in the United Arab Emirates
A
- In 1995, stabbed her male employer after he tried to rape her
- Sentenced to death
- International outcry led to the reduction of her term
- Returned to the Philippines after serving 9 months in jail
28
Q
Abuses and exploitation (4)
A
- Domestic helpers and entertainers are particularly vulnerable to abuse because of their work situation
- Work long hours
- Receive low wages arising from contract violations, contract substitution or deceptive contractual arrangements
- Subject to various forms of physical, psychological and sexual violence
- Jobs generally not covered by the labor codes and social security provisions of the host countries
29
Q
Abuses and exploitation: Saudi Arabia
A
- Labor laws don’t offer protection to domestic helpers
- No legal rights and no means of seeking redress for contractual violations
- Difficult to escape oppressive working conditions because they need exit passes from their employer before they can leave the country
30
Q
Abuses and exploitation: Singapore
A
- Domestic helpers are prohibited from marrying Singaporeans or entering into intimate relationships with them
- Undergo pregnancy tests every 6 months
- Deported at their own expense if found pregnant
31
Q
Abuses and exploitation: HongKong
A
- Domestic helpers have been forced to take a 5% pay cut as a result of the Asian crisis
32
Q
Abuses and exploitation: Korea
A
- One out of three among 196 foreign women had experienced verbal or physical violence at work (Daegu, Korea)
- Delayed payment, denial of industrial disaster insurance and sexual harassment
33
Q
- Rising exodus of nurses and doctors owing to increased demand abroad
- Dramatic expansion of demand in the computer sciences field
- Exodus of scientists abroad
A
Brain drain
34
Q
Brain drain
A
- There is no prevailing policy with regard to managing the brain drain problem
- Government has offered its reintegration program to address the needs of returning skilled migrant workers and harness the skills they acquired overseas
35
Q
Brain drain 2
A
- Remittances will never recompense the effects of the brain drain phenomenon to the sending country
- Remittances do not go directly to the sectors or professions affected by the exodus of skilled labor
- Will the loss of these human capital, in the long term, undermine the country’s own potential for growth and development?
36
Q
- Many Filipinos tend to seek or accept jobs for which they are over-qualified as long as these can give them higher incomes than they can earn at home
- In 1995, 41.2% of Filipino women migrant workers had a college education or a college degree, yet most of them worked as domestic helpers and entertainers
A
Deskilling
37
Q
- The quality of the Philippine electorate has been deteriorating over the years as our more educated workforce leave the country
- Relationship between the exodus of educated people and the election of “unqualified” and “popular” candidates into office
A
”Political loss”
38
Q
Costs of family separation
A
- Some children develop behavioral problems
- Incidents of drug abuse, delinquency, early pregnancies or marriages are increasing
- Problems tend to emerge in the early teens
- Before that age, children still enjoy the presents they get from parents abroad
- As they grow older, they look for their parents’ affection, guidance and presence
39
Q
Costs of family separation 2
A
- Guidance, love, concern and care are missed the most
- Feel rebellious and angry at their parents and at the same time crave for their care
- No longer comfortable communicating with their parents
40
Q
Costs of family separation 3
A
- Infidelity or marital dissolution occurs more often among couples separated for long periods
- Women spending their husband’s earning on their lovers; men frequenting beer houses and womanizing
- Husband lives in with another woman to whom the remittances and appliances sent by the wife are given
41
Q
Causes of separation and abandonment among families of OFWs, mostly wives of workers in the Middle East, are rising
A
- Prolonged separation
- Lack of communication
- Difficult living and working conditions
- Lack of emotional and social support
- Emotional and mental pressures
- Falling out of love
42
Q
Costs of family separation 4
A
- OFWs in the UAE use fake certificates to remarry, sink into debt and eventually abandon their family back home
- POEA had more than 2,500 cases of non-support from 2000-2002
- Some husbands remain faithful and even stop working in order to take care of the children and domestic tasks
- Arcinas and Bautista study (1988) of determinants of successful labor migration in the Gulf area
- Wives of husband migrant workers not only managed to keep the family intact but also successfully maintained and expanded the household’s entrepreneurial activities, thereby maximizing the benefits of their husband’s overseas employment
43
Q
Costs of family separation 5
A
- Marital breakdown is avoided through the efforts and determination of the migrant wives to keep the family intact with their tolerance, perseverance in their work and prayers
- Children help bind the marriage by promoting amicable settlements between their parents
44
Q
Concepcion study (1998) on the impact of female overseas employment in a labor exporting community: Family structure changes
A
- Majority of the households are incomplete with 1 or both parents absent
- Other households become re-expansion households where children of migrants live with and are cared for by aunts or grandmothers
- Virtual or imagined households with both parents abroad and the children distributed among relatives
45
Q
Concepcion study (1998) on the impact of female overseas employment in a labor exporting community: Changes in roles
A
-Housechores taken over by the husband, older children (usually a daughter) or the extended family kin
46
Q
Concepcion study (1998) on the impact of female overseas employment in a labor exporting community: Strained relationship between husband and wife
A
- Understanding and acceptance of extramarital affairs on the part of the migrant
- More social control on the non-migrant spouse
47
Q
Concepcion study (1998) on the impact of female overseas employment in a labor exporting community
A
- Conflict among in-laws over guardianship of the migrant’s children, over control in the use of the migrant’s car, over access to the farm harvest, or over remittances meant for one but sent through another
- Pain of separation between biological parents and their children, and between surrogate parents and the children upon the migrant’s return
48
Q
Concepcion study (1998) on the impact of female overseas employment in a labor exporting community 2
A
- On the whole, families able to cope and adjust to the situation with the support of the extended kin
- Family merges itself with a larger circle of relatives, not necessarily co-residentially nor having to share eating arrangements, but to share chores and give emotional and moral support to one another
49
Q
I DO BIDOO BIDOO: Characters
A
- Pol: “One hit woder”
- Rose: “nakakahiya” “unahin ang pag-aaral”
- Nick: “satin ang babae…”
- Elaine: “ayaw ko matulad ka sa akin.”
- Rock: “bakit tayo dukkha.”
- Tracy: “I will not apologize for being this way.”
50
Q
- Seeks not only to treat the individual symptoms, disabilities, and vulnerabilities, but the meanings of those and their role in the overall functioning of the personality – Kaplan
- Probably this what you have in mind, somebody sitting behind you, you lying in a couch… ventilating your concerns… once the doctor says, ahuh I see, tell me how you feel.
A
Individual therapy
51
Q
- Any intervention that focuses on altering the interactions among family members and attempts to improve the functioning of the family as a unit of individual members. The clinician attempts to interrupt rigid intergenerational patterns that cause distress w/in or b/w individuals. This can address the concerns of any family member, yet it is most likely to influence children, whose daily reality is affected by family context. – Kaplan on Child Psychiatric Treatment Ch 48
- Whole family or couple (marriage) comes into therapy
- Child brought to doctor because child has problem, only to find out that the couple has conflict
A
Family Therapy
52
Q
- Couple comes into therapy. When you’ll get married, have some counseling
- Problems in communication intermarriages.
A
Couple therapy
53
Q
Stages of the Family Life Cycle
A
- Leaving Home: single young adult
- The joining of family through marriage: The new couple
- Families with young children
- Families with adolescents
- Launching children and moving on
- Families in later life
54
Q
- Murray Bowen
- Differentiation of self
- Emotional triangles
- Family projection process
- Multigenerational process
- Emotional cut-offs
A
Bowen Family System Theory
55
Q
- Autonomous with ego strength
- Capacity to think and reflect
o Ego balances between superego(conscience)
o and id (drive)
o Someone with weak ego strength can easily moved to emotionality, nagwawala, regresses to childhood
o Differentiated synonymous to“mature”
A
Differentiation of self
56
Q
- Easily moved to emotionality
- React with submissiveness or defiance
o Agree with everything you say or argue with everything
o Overly defiant (mahilig kumontra) or overly submissive (oo lang ng oo)
A
Undifferentiated people
57
Q
- The way people manage undifferentiation
- The greater the emotional fusion between parent and children, the greater likelihood of cut-off.
-“We take it as a sign of growth to separate from our parents and we measure our maturity by independence to family ties.” –Michael Nichols
o The way people manage undifferentiation
o The greater the emotional fusion between parents and children, the greater likelihood of cut-off
o Someone who is totally differentiated tends to exaggerate their independence
A
Emotional Cut-off
58
Q
- When two people have problems they are unable to work out
- Will turn to someone else for sympathy / or will draw in a 3rd person who will try to fix it
- Let’s off stream but freezes the conflict in place
A
Triangulation
59
Q
o Not entirely bad if they don’t remain fixed. You as a therapist should know how to get out.
o Nakakabawas ng anxiety at some times, but when unresolved, minsan lalong nakakasama
o Look at parents with conflict; they tend to look at their child as the 3rd person.
* Nick has problem with Elaine, Elaine masyado
syang naghover kay Tracy (naging substitute
spouse or emotional husband). Masyadong
tutok ang magulang sa child, child gets
undifferentiated
A
Triangulation
60
Q
- Process by which parents transmit their lack of differentiation to their children
- Husband who is cut-off from his parents and siblings relates in a very distant relationship to his wife
- This predisposes her to focus on her kids
A
Family Projection Process
61
Q
o Elaine also had an unplanned pregnancy before, which was Tracy. Marriage is not a solution if you are both undifferentiated people. Sometimes waiting for the right time is a good solution.
o Family genogram- look at patterns, early marriages, nagging wives, similar patterns between generations
A
Family Projection Process
62
Q
- Less differentiated people marry they select a mate about same level of differentiation
- The level of anxiety in the new family will be higher
o Like Nick and Elaine, and Pol and Tracy , the level of conflict increases as level undifferentiation increases
A
Multigenerational Transmission Process
