Module 5 Flashcards
Definition of “Adult”: Biological
…when we reach the age at which we can reproduce…
Definition of “Adult”: Legal
… when we reach the age at which the law says we can vote, get a driver’s license, marry without consent…
Definition of “Adult”: Social
… when we start performing adult roles…
Definition of “Adult”: Psychological
…when we arrive at a self-concept of being responsible for our lives, of being self-directing
Stages of adulthood
Early – 19 to 34
Middle - 35 to 64
Late – 65 +
Physical Development in Early Adulthood: Height
Height Peaks at:
Female - 18
Male - 20
Physical Development in Early Adulthood: Weight
Weight: 20-30
Female - 15 lbs
Male - 14 lbs
Physical Development in Early Adulthood:
Spinal discs settle decreasing height; fatty tissue increases, causing weight increase, muscle strength decreases, reaction time levels off, cardiac output declines Begins at age 10; results in difficulty in focusing on close objects
Physical Development in Early Adulthood: Muscle structure and internal organs
19-26 – peak
>26 – body slows down
Physical Development in Early Adulthood: Sensory function
- decreased eye lens flexibility;
- Female - can detect higher-pitched sounds than men
Physical Development in Early Adulthood: Nervous system
- continues to increase in weight
- reaches maximum potential
Health Concerns of Early Adults
Lifestyle choices affect the state of health in early adulthood
- Food choices
- Tobacco
- Alcohol
- Physical fitness
Perry’s stages of intellectual/ethical development
- Dualism
- Relativism
- Commitment
world is viewed in polar terms
Dualism
- uncertainty: exists, is acceptable and Is legitimate
- Knowledge and content are relative to context
Relativism
- Realize need to commit to an idea
- Begins to choose commitment
- Makes commitment
- Manifests commitment
Commitment
Dualism
Position 1-
- The world is viewed in such polar terms:
- right vs wrong;
- we vs they;
- good vs bad;
- absolute right;
- authorities have absolute knowledge
Relativism
Position 2:
- uncertainty exists; poorly qualified authorities; they can learn truth for themselves
Position 3:
- diversity and uncertainty are acceptable
- because authorities don’t know answers yet;
- puzzled at what standards should be
Position 4:
- uncertainty and diversity are legitimate;
- two authorities can disagree without either of them being right or wrong
Position 5
knowledge and content are relative to the context
Perry’s stages of intellectual/ethical development: Position 2
- uncertainty exists;
- poorly qualified authorities;
- they can learn truth for themselves
Perry’s stages of intellectual/ethical development: Position 3
- diversity and uncertainty are acceptable
- because authorities don’t know answers yet;
- puzzled at what standards should be
Perry’s stages of intellectual/ethical development: Position 4
- uncertainty and diversity are legitimate;
* two authorities can disagree without either of them being right or wrong
Perry’s stages of intellectual/ethical development: Position 5
- knowledge and content are relative to the context
Commitment
Position 6:
- realizes need to commit to an idea or concept rather than look for an authority to follow
Position 7:
- begins to choose commitment
Position 8:
- makes commitment: explores issues of responsibility involved
Position 9:
- person’s identity affirmed through various commitments made;
- recognizes that commitments are expressed through a daily lifestyle
Perry’s stages of intellectual/ethical development: Position 6
- realizes need to commit to an idea or concept rather than look for an authority to follow
Perry’s stages of intellectual/ethical development: Position 7
- begins to choose commitment
Perry’s stages of intellectual/ethical development: Position 8
- makes commitment: explores issues of responsibility involved
Perry’s stages of intellectual/ethical development: Position 9
- person’s identity affirmed through various commitments made;
- recognizes that commitments are expressed through a daily lifestyle
“This is how life will be. I will fight for my values yet respect others, believe my deepest values right yet be ready to learn. I see that I shall be retracing this whole journey over and over – but, I hope wisely.”
Highest intellectual stage of development in early adulthood
- The young adult undergoes transformations(Gould); three developmental stages until middle age.
- The young adult matures when he realizes that some assumptions are false.
Psychosocial development in early adulthood
Psychosocial development in early adulthood
Stage 1 (age 17-22) Stage 2 (age 22-28) Stage 3 (age 28-34)
False assumption about self vs Transformed belief about self (Stage 1: Age 17-22)
False assumption about self: I believe everything that my parents tell me.
Transformed belief about self: I don’t believe everything that my parents tell me.
False assumption about self vs Transformed belief about self (Stage 2: Age 22-28)
False assumption about self: I can always depend on my parents
Transformed belief about self: I’m on my own now.
False assumption about self vs Transformed belief about self (Stage 2: Age 28-34)
False assumption about self: I am a perfectly good person
Transformed belief about self: I have some bad traits.
(Eight Stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory)
Stage 1 - Trust vs mistrust
Age: Birth to 1 year
Central Issue: Can I trust others?
(Eight Stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory)
Stage 2 - Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Age: 1 to 3 years
Central Issue: Can I act on my own:
(Eight Stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory)
Stage 3 - Initiative vs guilt
Age: 3 to 6 years
Central Issue: Can I carry out my plans successfully?
(Eight Stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory)
Stage 4 - Industry vs inferiority
Age: 6 to 12 years
Central Issue: Am I competent compared with others?
(Eight Stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory)
Stage 5 - Identity vs role confusion
Age: 12 to 20 years
Central Issue: Who am I?
(Eight Stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory)
Stage 6 - Intimacy vs isolation
Age: 20 to 40 years
Central Issue: Am I ready for a relationship?
(Eight Stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory)
Stage 7 - Generativity vs stagnation
Age: 40 to 65 years
Central Issue: Have I left my mark?
(Eight Stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory)
Stage 8 - Integrity vs despair
Age: 65 years and older
Central Issue: Has my life been meaningful?
Erikson’s Stage Six: intimacy versus isolation
20-40 years
- Am I ready for a relationship?
- Am I ready for intimacy in a relationship?
Intimacy should include:
- Mutuality of orgasm
- With a loved partner
- Of the other sex
- With whom one is able and willing to share a mutual trust
- And with whom one is able and willing to regulate the cycles of work, recreation and procreation
- So as to secure to the offspring, too, all the stages of a satisfactory development
If not ready for intimacy,
Young adult distantiates himself/herself from others to cope with the threat of rejection.
Counterpart of intimacy: distantiation
- Readiness to distance ourselves from others when we feel threatened by their behavior
- Most young adults vacillate between intimacy and distantiation
Psychosocial Issues of the early adult
- Marriage
- Career choice
As a medical student, your life pattern does not correspond with the __.
norm of early adulthood
__ have distinctive biological, psychological and social aspects
Midlifers and the elderly
Adulthood: “Adult”
Biological: can reproduce
Legal: the law says we can vote, get a driver’s license, marry without consent…
Social: start performing adult roles
Psychological: being responsible for our lives, of being self-directing
Early Adulthood: Summary
- Peak of physical development
- A young adult’s way of thinking moves from dualism to relativism to commitment. (Perry’s stages of intellectual development)
- Young adulthood is the stage of establishing intimacy versus isolation (Erikson’s stages)
- As a young adult matures, he changes false assumptions about authorities to eventually realize false assumptions about himself. (Gould’s stages of transformation)
- Health concerns are dependent on lifestyle choices
- Psychosocial issues are marriage and career choice
Biological Dimension in Middle Adulthood
10% gradual decline in muscular strength between ages 30-60
- Most loss in back and legs
- Muscle tone and flexibility decrease
- Longer healing time
- Muscle generally replaced by fat
Biological Dimension in Middle Adulthood: Decreased adaptation to darkness or light
Decreased adaptation to darkness or light;
- less focus of nearby objects;
- less detection of colors;
- less ability to detect moving objects
Biological Dimension in Middle Adulthood: ability to smell
- Less ability to detect high frequencies
- Less ability to smell and taste
Health Concerns of the Middle Adult
- Weight management
- Substance abuse
- Climacteric
- a relatively abrupt change in the body, brought about by changes in hormonal balances;
- Menopause
- Andropause
Climacteric
Middle Adulthood: Intellectual Functions
- Short term memory declines
- Long-term memory not affected
Fluid intelligence vs Crystallized Intelligence
Fluid intelligence – related with speeded tasks;invlolves reaction time
Crystallized intelligence – verbal ability and cultural knowledge
Review of Gould’s stages of transformation: Stage one - 17-22
Stage one - 17-22
“I’ll always belong to my parents and believe in their world.”
Transformation: leaving our parent’s world
Review of Gould’s stages of transformation: Stage two- 22 – 28
Stage two- 22 – 28
“My parents will always be there to help me.
Transformation: I’m nobody’s baby now.
Review of Gould’s stages of transformation: Stage three - 28-34
Stage three - 28-34
Life is simple and controllable. There are no significant coexisting contradictory forces within me.
Transformation: Opening up to what’s inside
Stage four of Gould’s Transformations (False Assumption)
False Assumption:
There is no evil or death in the world. The sinister has been destroyed.
- “The illusions of safety can last forever.”
- “Death can’t happen to me or my loved ones.”
- “It is impossible to live without a protector.”
- “There is no life beyond this family.”
- “I am innocent.”
Stage four of Gould’s Transformations (Transformation)
Transformation: Come to terms with realities:
- Life is not what I thought it was going to be.
* Time of parents’ death; - People you love can disappoint you.
* Marriage break-ups
* Business failures - I cannot be the great person I was wishing to be.
* Unfulfilled ambitions
* Unmet expectations of self
Transformation seen in role reversals
- Taking care of parents
- Men no longer fear their bosses or mentors.
- Women realize that they can live without men.
- Express other aspects of their personality.
- New hobbies
- Career change
Transformation seen in change in focus
- From self to others
- Erikson’s generativity versus stagnation
Generativity versus Stagnation
GENERATIVITY: a desire to create things in the world that will outlive you
*Guiding the next generation, or improving society in general
Failure at generativity may lead to STAGNATION (LACK OF GROWTH/ DEVELOPMENT)
*May be self- centered, isolated and unable to participate meaningfully in the world
Psychosocial Issues for the Middle Adult
- Changing family patterns
- Divorce or estranged relationships
- Empty nest syndrome
- Midlife career change
Middle Adulthood: Summary
- Muscular and sensory abilities decline.
- Some aspects of intelligence decrease while others increase.
- The psychosocial developments center around role reversals and generativity.
- Health concerns are weight management and substance abuse and the climacterium.
- Psychosocial issues are changing family patterns and midlife career crisis.
Late adulthood (Skin and Hormonal Changes)
Skin Changes
- Wrinkling, pallor from decreased skin vascularity
Hormonal Changes
- Decreased production of growth hormone leads to increased body fat, weight loss, decreased muscle strength
Late adulthood (Sexuality and Neurological)
Sexuality
- Some decline in functioning
Neurological
- Decreased cerebral blood flow and brain weight
Late adulthood: Psychological Dimension
- Personality remains fairly stable over time (introversion-extroversion, aggressiveness, hostility)
- Majority of older persons view their lives as enjoyable and productive
- Morale is maintained through intimate social companions
Cognitive Functioning in the Late Adult
- substantial age-related declines in the range from 20 to 70 years of age…
- On the other hand, are seldom perceived to be less cognitively competent than…
- leadership positions in society
Psychosocial Formulations on Late Adulthood
Erikson’s integrity versus despair
Integrity versus Despair
- Reflecting upon one’s life and its role in the big scheme of things
- EGO INTEGRITY: satisfaction and pride in past accomplishments vs.
- DESPAIR: feelings of regret about failures and disappointments
My life has been well spent. I am sad about impending death but I find comfort in my achievements.
INTEGRITY
- I’m sorry for the wrong decisions I made.
- Why can’t I have another chance?
- I’m afraid of dying.
DESPAIR
Social Dimension (Late Adulthood)
- Longevity of life in the geriatric population is associated with continued physical and occupational activity, advanced education and presence of SOCIAL SUPPORT
- Dealing with multiple losses: Social status and worth, friends, family, health, independence- however…
- Most elderly live independently
Late Adulthood: Summary
- The physical decline noted in middle adulthood continues through late adulthood.
- Cognitive function is believed to decline in some aspects but is compensated for in other aspects.
- The psychosocial development is focused on integrity versus despair.
- Dementia is a health concern.
- Psychosocial concerns are sexuality and retirement
- A covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves, a partnership of whole life, is by its nature ordered toward the good of spouses and the procreation and education of offspring.
- Unity
- Indissolubility of marriage
Marriage
- What binds the two people in the state of matrimony is the marital rights and duties exchanged by the marriage contract.
- A new structural unit: husband and wife
- Mr and Mrs.
- Invited as one
- Regarded as one by relatives and friends
- Think and act as one: conjugal properties
- Creates a new series of statuses and network of relationships: individuals and families
Marriage
(Marital Role Relationship)
– societal expectations or status
Structural-functional framework
(Marital Role Relationship)
– interaction process where one adjusts his/her behavior and reactions to what he/she thinks the other person will do.
Interactional framework
(Marital Role Relationship)
Roles
Dependent: the expected role and the role behavior are integrated and compatible
Couples relate and adjust to one another on the basis of roles: reciprocal and complimentary
- The husband’s role is better understood in terms of the wife’s role and vice-versa
- Each spouse evaluates himself/herself and the other on the basis of how well each role is performed.
(Marital Role Relationship)
Roles
- Role model of the family
- Role relations change continually throughout the life cycle of the family
boy –> young man–> husband upon marriage–> a father after the birth of a child–>a father-in-law when the child marries—> a grandfather when the child reproduces–>a widower if he survives his wife. - Roles change over time
- Need adjustments and agreements
Traditional Husband and Wife Roles
- Traditional role differentiation
- Instrumental-expressive roles
- Biological view
- Socio-cultural view
(Traditional Husband and Wife Role)
- livelihood preoccupation
- expected to be responsible for supporting the family
- responsible for the family’s relationship with the outside world
Husbands
(Traditional Husband and Wife Role)
- domestic management
- housekeeper, cook, laundress, seamstress, and nursemaid
- responsible for family’s internal needs
Wives
(Instrumental – Expressive Roles)
- Manipulation of external environment to attain specific goals
- Associated with masculinity
- Competitiveness, self-confidence, logic, non-emotionality
Instrumental character traits (Husband)
(Instrumental – Expressive Roles)
- Warmth, sensitivity to the needs of the others
- Associated with femininity
- Emotional support and tension management
Expressive character traits (Wife)
The more enduring relationship is one which rejects polarized gender roles and integrates the __ by combining both expressive and instrumental qualities;I.e. combining care and practical assistance with affection and emotional closeness.
“masculine” and “feminine” styles
– is rooted in the biophysical differences between male and female
Biological view
– believes in the malleability of the individual and the influence that the external environmental factors have in molding and directing behavior: socialization experiences, peer group standards, situational factors and cultural norms
- Filipino couples in the rural communities
- The impact of the family on gender role socialization
Socio-cultural view
Changing roles of the wife
- Assume the role of being economically independent as co-breadwinner
- Pursue a career and attain a high status for herself and her family
- Commitment to active political, civic and community service
- As a partner to her husband, the Filipino wife is “co-manager” and family treasurer.
Dual earner VS Dual career (Studies)
Monsod, 1999 - DTI showed that 80% of the registered enterprises are either owned, ran or operated by women
Mercado, 1990 - Rise of small scale family enterprises
Racinas and Bautista, 1988 - successful labor migration
- The state recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure fundamental equality before the law
- Protection of women - providing safe and healthful working conditions
- Provide facilities - establishment of day centers
- Provide opportunities
- Realize their potentials - practical arts subjects
National Committee for the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW)
- Economic provider, general handyman around the house, symbolic household head, representative of the family in the community
- As the family man, the husband’s chief role is to support his family.
- It is the man’s moral obligation to provide economic security to his wife and children.
The Husband’s Role
The Husband’s Role (Issues)
- Reversal of roles or “house-band”
- Upsurge of women labor or work force
- OFWS
Refers to the ability to affect the behavior of others.
Power
Power (Two dimensions)
Influence and authority
– power which emanates from an individual’s own abilities, skills, charisma, or some other personal characteristics
Influence
– power which is legitimated or culturally prescribed
Authority
Indicators of Conjugal Power
- Task allocation or division of labor
- Decision-making
- Who wins in the disagreements
- Which spouse needs permission
Bases of Conjugal Power
- Personality and background
- Power structure in the family
- Family and kinship structure
- Situational Factors
- Amount of resources each individual spouse brings into the marriage
Adjustment in Marriage
- Factors related to marital success
- Intermarriage
- Family violence
- Husband-wife conflict
- Husband wife separation
- Adaptation of each spouse to each other and to the various tasks and situations of living together
- A continuing process for the couple which means working out a dynamic relationship
- Requires flexibility and adaptability in statuses, roles and lifestyles
Adjustment in Marriage
- Refers to the achievement of one or more goals including permanence, companionship, fulfilling expectations.
- For the couple, it is achieved when they perceive that their marriage is happy, that their experiences are satisfying, and that they have adequately adjusted to each other in the various aspects of their married life.
Marital Success
Pillars for Success: 9 Tasks for a Happy Marriage (First)
- Separate emotionally from the family of one’s childhood so as to invest fully in the marriage and, at the same time, to redefine the lines of connection with both families of origin.
Pillars for Success: 9 Tasks for a Happy Marriage (Second)
- Building togetherness based on mutual identification, shared intimacy and an expanded conscience that includes both partners, while at the same time setting boundaries to protect each other’s autonomy.
Pillars for Success: 9 Tasks for a Happy Marriage (Third)
- Establish a rich and pleasurable intimate, faithful relationship and to protect it from the incursions of the workplace and obligations.
Pillars for Success: 9 Tasks for a Happy Marriage (Fourth)
- For couples with children, to embrace the openness to life and daunting roles of parenthood.
Pillars for Success: 9 Tasks for a Happy Marriage (Fifth and Sixth)
- Confronting and mastering the inevitable crises of life, and maintaining the strength of the marital bond in the face of adversity. The marriage should be a safe haven in which partners are able to express their differences, anger and conflict.
Pillars for Success: 9 Tasks for a Happy Marriage (Seventh)
- Using humor and laughter to keep things in perspective and to avoid boredom and isolation.
Pillars for Success: 9 Tasks for a Happy Marriage (Eighth)
- nurturing and comforting each other, satisfying each other’s needs for dependency and offering continuing encouragement and support.
Pillars for Success: 9 Tasks for a Happy Marriage (Ninth)
- to keep alive the early romantic, idealized images of falling in love, whilE facing the realities of the changes brought by time.
Factors related to Marital Success
- Family background
- Socio-economic status – wife’s employment
- Age at marriage
- Content and process of communication
- Location of residence
- Religiosity
Strengths to look for and to build upon:
- Flexibility and ability to compromise
- Ability to communicate
- Shared decision-making: acknowledge and respect
- Pulling together in times of trouble
Strengths to look for and to build upon: (2)
- Sense of humor
- Caring enough to fight
- Realistic expectations and acceptance
- The ability to personally develop oneself, pursue different interests, then come. together and share their experiences.
Intermarriages
Source of adjustment difficulties
Factors:
- Cultural, e.g. family organization and structure
- Communication barriers
- Age
- Intelligence or educational attainment
- Differences in social class backgrounds – e.g. food, clothes, type of recreation
- Religious differences – beliefs and practices
Factors contributing to marital satisfaction in intermarriages
- Flexibility of spouses
- Mutual commitment to marriage
- Compatibility of educational level ability to communicate both feelings and emotions to each other
- Filipino wife: values of obedience, respect for elders, desire for a harmonious relationships, responsibility, friendliness paved the way for a mutual understanding
Family Violence: Misuse of Power
- The family and home is usually thought of as a place of refuge and security where members enjoy the most satisfying and intimate relationships
- Consequences: physical, emotional, psychological, social and behavioral
– not only a violation of their right to protection, but also their right to survival, participation and development
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Family Violence
- Different forms: physical, economic, emotional and sexual
- Risk factors: strained relationship, extreme poverty, history of abuse, drugs and alcohol
- Epidemiology:
Wife battering – 60%
Rape – 18%
Others – 18 %
Issues on VAW
- Women are reluctant to admit that abuse took place because of feelings of self-blame, shame and loyalty to the abuser.
- Women in many cultures are socialized to accept physical and emotional chastisement as part of their husband’s prerogative
- Women are afraid of reprisal and loss of economic support from the husband
- Stigma associated with VAW
Conflict is natural and inevitable in all human interaction including marital relations
Husband-Wife Conflict
Common cause of conflict among Filipino couples:
- Infidelity
- Relationship with in-laws
- Vices ,e.g. gambling and drinking
- Lack of or difficulties in communication
- Personality or character problems such as immaturity, irresponsibility and incompatibility
- Financial reasons – e.g. inadequacy as breadwinner or non support
- It is through conflict and its resolution that misunderstandings are clarified and problems are better understood.
- If the conflict is handled constructively, the relationship is actually strengthened
- Contributes to the better understanding and greater intimacy of the spouses.
Functional Value Conflict
- When conflict and disagreements go unresolved, they accumulate through the years and the couple start to drift apart from each other.
- Most common arrangement: hiwalay system or separation by informal agreement without benefit of judicial process
Husband-Wife Separation
Husband-Wife Separation: Situation
Situation: intolerable, repressed feelings an pent-up emotions
Husband-Wife Separation
- Declaration of nullity
- Legal separation
- Annulment of the marriage
- Divorce
- There never was a valid and binding contract.
- There was an official finding that there never was a marriage, that the couple were never truly man and wife, because some essential requisite or (s) for validity were wanting at the time the marriage contract was solemnized.
- Both are free to marry someone else.
Declaration of Nullity
Declaration of Nullity
- Lack of true discretion
- Insufficient consent at the time of the wedding because one of the parties “lacks the maturity of judgment necessary and sufficient to understand, choose, undertake, and fulfill the responsibilities of marriage”
- Psychological incapacity: schizophrenia, homosexuality, psychopathy, sociopathy, anxiety neuroses
- When the married couple are allowed by judicial sentence to break this complementary unity of life.
- Permits spouses to live separately but the marital bonds are not severed, so neither spouse may remarry. Imperfect or relative divorce
Legal Separation
Grounds for legal separation (FCP,1987) (1-5)
- Violence and corruption, e.g. prostitution
- Moral pressure to compel a change in religious or political affiliation
- Imprisonment
- Drug addiction or alcoholism
- Lesbianism or homosexuality
Grounds for legal separation (FCP,1987) (6-9)
- Bigamy
- Sexual infidelity or perversion
- Attempt on one’s life
- Abandonment without justifiable cause
- It is the voiding of a defective contract that is valid and binding from the beginning up to the moment of its annulment.
- Thus parties are free to marry new partners
Civil Annulment of Marriage
True or False
When a marriage is annuled, there was a valid marriage and the couple was truly man and wife up to the time when the sentence of the annulment takes effect.
True
FCP provides that the marriage may be annulled if any of the following existed at the time of the marriage: (1-3)
1.
FCP provides that the marriage may be annulled if any of the following existed at the time of the marriage: (4-6)
- Consent obtained by force, intimidation or undue influence
- Physically incapable of consummating the marriage
- Affliction with STD found to be serious and incurable
- When the man and the wife agree not merely to live in different houses, but take the further step of revoking the exclusive rights they mutually gave each other, then the marriage bond itself is broken, the marriage dissolved.
- It is the dissolution of the marriage bond, which absolute divorce effects, that leaves the divorced parties free to marry again.
Divorce
How do separated women cope with the situation?
- Keeping occupied
- Getting a full-time job
- Being actively involved in religious organizations
- Engaging in money-making enterprises
- Pursuing higher education - Seek support
- Overcome loneliness and hiya or shame and the stigma of separation
Surviving the Break-up! How children cope with Divorce
- Varying reactions
- Better alternative
- Depressed: insomnia, learning deficiencies, behavior problems
- Confused, angry
- Lose their grandparents
- Psychological trauma due to the disintegration of the family
- Suicide, obesity and school problems
- Drug addiction
- Early pregnancies, abortions, crimes
- A natural outcome of marriage
- Strong cultural pressures and expectations for every married couple to have children
- The child’s position in the family is significant because it is the child who gives the family its form and structure.
- Mag-asawa
- Mag-anak – refer to the family
PARENTHOOD
- Links the families of the father and mother : bilaterally extended family
- Related by blood equally to both his father and mother’s kin-group
- Acquisition of new roles and statuses: new sets of duties, responsibilities and obligations
Child
Value of Children
- The Filipino family has always been child centered as evidenced by the sacrifices the parents make for their children.
What motivates Filipinos to have children?
- Help they provide: financial help, support in old age, assistance in housework and childcare
- Rural areas, take an active part in the family production and maintenance activities
- Provide social and emotional benefits: companionship, love and happiness, play and fun
- Gives them incentives of success, satisfying their drive for achievement, providing a sense of fulfillment in their lives
- Serve as an inspiration to give them the best in life
- Cement the union of their parents by helping strengthen the marital bond
- Bring good luck because the child is seen as a gift of God
- To bear a child is the fulfillment of one’s womanhood and masculinity
- Children perpetuate the family name
Value of Children
- Is a process whereby the individual acquires and internalizes the norms, attitudes, and values of his/her society
- Process by which the individual’s personality is formed
- Agents of socialization: family, school, church
Role of Parents in Socialization
Family
- Child spends a great part of his/ her time especially the formative years
- Child receives his/her earliest training in proper behavior
True/False
The family plays a major role in the development of his personality and character.
True
- Parents are obliged to support the child in the form of a balanced diet, adequate clothing, sufficient shelter, proper medical attention, and education until the child completes his training for some profession,trade or vocation
- Parents have the primary right and obligation to provide for the upbringing of the child and to discipline him as may be necessary for the formation of his/her good character.
Child and Youth Welfare Code
- Genuine love and concern for the child’s welfare
- Community expectations
- Legal prescription
Child-Rearing
- The fathers’ feelings about the quality of fathering they received when they were youngsters is the most consistent predictor of their involvement with their children: child care and child rearing
Fatherhood
Four types of fatherhood according to activity dimension or degree of involvement with children:
- Procreator father
- Dilettante father
- Determinative father
- Generative father
– equates fatherhood with raising of and providing for children
Procreator father
– one who is often away from home but maintains a warm relationship with children
Dilettante father
– one who sees fatherhood as a task and obligation, and is obsessed with directing his children’s lives
Determinative father
– one who spends time with children and enjoys being with them such that fatherhood becomes an opportunity for his own growth and development
Generative father
Study of the experiences of dying and bereavement
Thanatology
the absolute cessation of vital functions
Death
the process of losing these functions
DYING
Dying, and the individual’s awareness of it, imbues humans with values, passions, wishes and the impetus to make the most of time
Death
Good Death vs Bad Death
Good Death: one that is free from avoidable distress and suffering for patients, families and caregivers and is reasonably consistent with clinical, cultural and ethical standards
Bad Death: characterized by needless suffering, a dishonoring of patient or family wishes or values, and a sense among participants or observers that norms of decency have been offended
Reactions To Death
- Timely
- Untimely
- Intentional
- Unintentional
- Subintentional
Reactions To Death: Elisabeth Kubler-Ross (impending death)
Stage 1: Shock and Denial Stage 2: Anger Stage 3: Bargaining Stage 4: Depression Stage 5: Acceptance
Reactions To Death: Therese Rando’s 6 Rs
- Recognize the loss
- React
- Recollect and Re-experience
- Relinquish
- Readjust
- Reinvest
(Attitudes Toward Death Across The Life Cycle)
JEAN PIAGET: CHILDREN
Pre-school (
- a temporary absence, incomplete and reversible, like departure or sleep
- Separation from primary caregiver is a main fear
(Attitudes Toward Death Across The Life Cycle)
JEAN PIAGET: CHILDREN
5 - 10 y.o. - inevitable human mortality
- Concrete operational thinking
- Death is a final reality that happens to old people not children
- Usually have active fantasies of violence and aggression dominated by themes of death and killing
(Attitudes Toward Death Across The Life Cycle)
JEAN PIAGET: Adolescents
(Formal concrete operations)
- Death is inevitable and final but may not accept possibility of their own death
- Great potential for isolation and withdrawal
(Attitudes Toward Death Across The Life Cycle)
JEAN PIAGET: Puberty
- universal, inevitable, irreversible
(Attitudes Toward Death Across The Life Cycle)
JOHN BOWLBY: CHILDREN
Phase 1 : Protest
Phase 2 : Despair
Phase 3 : Detachment
(Attitudes Toward Death Across The Life Cycle)
Erick Erickson
Young adults - focus on missing the chance to marry
Middle age - frustrated in their plans to enjoy hard earned pleasure
Older age - confront increasing reality of their own mortality; integrity vs despair
- among the most stressful of all life experiences
- Older adults have more favorable outcome
- Depressive symptoms peak within the first few months but decline significantly within a year
Spousal Bereavement
- Process by which grief is resolved
- societal expression of post bereavement behavior and practices
Mourning
Mourning
Rituals for mourning - Wake, internment
Rituals for disposing the body
Rituals for invocation of religious ceremonies
Rituals for periodic official remembrances
Mourning (Funeral)
Funeral prevailing display of bereavement
State of being deprived of someone by death and being in the state of mourning
Bereavement
STAGES of BEREAVEMENT (Clayton, 1999)
- Numbness
- Depression
- Recovery
(STAGES of BEREAVEMENT)
- Dazed, functioning almost automatically (doing what needs to be done but without much awareness), forgetful of what’s been done
- Usually lasts for a few hours to days, seldom weeks
Numbness
(STAGES of BEREAVEMENT)
- Insomnia, restlessness, irritability
- Mostly reduced over time but may be reactivated on holidays, anniversaries, birthdays, and at times of other personally meaningful events
- Lasts a few weeks to a year
Depression
(STAGES of BEREAVEMENT)
- Acceptance of loss
- Return to pre-morbid level of functioning
- Seek out new relationships and roles; return to roles before death
- Varies by age, gender, health of survivor
- Within 6 months of loss
Recovery
Bereavement: Stages according to Bowlby
Stage 1 : early phase of acute despair (numbness and protest)
Stage 2: phase of intense yearning and searching
Stage 3: phase of disorganization and despair
Stage 4: phase of reorganization
Bereavement in children: Symptoms indicating major depressive disorder exceeding usual bereavement
- Guilt related to issues beyond those surrounding the loved one
- Preoccupation with death other than thoughts of being dead
Bereavement in children
A child’s grief can be influenced by his or her age personality, developmental stage, earlier experiences with death, his or her relationship with the deceased
Bereavement in children (Younger than 2 yo to Adolescent)
Younger than 2 yo – loss of speech diffuse distress
Younger than 5 yo – eating, bowel and bladder dysfunctions, strong feelings of sadness, fear, anxiety
School aged – phobic, hypochondriacal, withdrawn, psuedomature, school performance suffers
Adolescents – behavioral problems, somatic symptoms erratic moods to stoicism
Bereavement in children
Symptoms indicating major depressive disorder exceeding usual bereavement
- Guilt about things other than actions taken or not taken by the survivor at the time of death
- Morbid preoccupation with worthlessness
Symptoms indicating major depressive disorder exceeding usual bereavement
- Marked psychomotor retardation
- Prolonged marked functional impairment
- Hallucinatory experiences
Bereavement
emotional and/or psychological reaction to any loss, not limited to death
Grief
Grief: Duration
Duration
- Cultural
- Dictated by society
- In children depends on support system
- loneliness
Normal Grief
- Uncomplicated Grief
- identifying with the deceased taking on traits/ possessions
hear fleeting, transient voice - denial of certain aspects of the deceased
Pathological Grief
- believes he is the dead person or dying of the same disease
- persistent, intrusive complex auditory hallucinations
dead person still alive
Normal Grief 2
- disbelief, denial shock
- Profound sadness survival guilt intact self esteem
- Sense of unreality withdrawal
- Anger and irritability
Pathological Grief 2
- Denial delayed or absent grief
- Depression impaired self esteem suicidal
- Progressive social isolation
- Hostility paranoid reactions
- mood fluctuations
- waves, washes over
- time limited
Grief
- mood disturbance is pervasive, unremitting
- hopeless
Depression
A normal albeit, intensely painful state that is responsive to support, empathy and passage of time
Grief
Self-reproach common
Survivor guilt
Grief
- Potentially a medical emergency that requires immediate intervention to forestall a complication like suicide
Major Depressive Disorder
(Biology of Grief)
- disruption of biological rhythms
- Impaired immune functioning
- decreased lymphocyte proliferation
- impaired functioning of natural killer cells
Acute Grief
(Biology of Grief)
- Mortality rate for widows and widowers following the death of a spouse is higher than that in the general population
- Widowers appear to be at risk longer than widows
Acute Grief
(Dealing With Grief)
Physician responses
- often reflect underlying attitudes toward death
- Death as a personal failure or threat to personal immortality
- medical training focuses almost entirely on the control and eradication of disease at the expense of care and comfort of the person with the disease
(Dealing With Grief) Physician responses (2)
- Awareness of own attitudes toward death and dying
- Unconscious feeling of omnipotence and power of preventing death
- some go into Medicine because of own unconscious fears of death
(Dealing With Grief)
Compassionate care: Hallmarks of Appropriate Care
- visiting the patient regularly
- maintaining eye contact
- touching appropriately
- listening to what the patient have to say
- being willing to answer all questions in a respectful way
- regularly scheduled sessions where grieving people are encouraged to talk about feelings of loss and about the person who has died
- attachment to the therapist provides temporary support until a sense of confidence about the future develops
Grief Therapy
- most are practiced to protect the living
- Appease the spirits thought to have caused the person’s death
Ghost Protection Rituals
Death and Burial Customs
- Shutting the eyes of the dead person
- Covering the face of the dead
- Carry the dead out of the house feet first
- Mirrors were covered
- Family photographs turned face down
Death and Burial Customs: Cementeries
- Tombstones to weigh down the dead
- Mazes at the entrance of ancient tombs
- Beating on the grave, firing of guns, funeral bells and wailing chants
- Bodies lie with their heads to the West and their feet to the East
Filipino Practices/Rituals: The Wake or Vigil
- House, funeral parlor, church
- Usually lasts for 5-7 days or longer
- 24 hours
- Novenas, prayers, mass everyday
- Nearest kin sits beside the coffin
Filipino Practices/Rituals: The Requiem Mass/Funeral
- Walk behind the funeral car
- Stop at the church after mass relative will make a speech
- Grave site
- House of the family
- Children are passed over the coffin
40 Days
Filipino Practices/Rituals: Superstitious Beliefs
- Feed the mourners, but don’t walk them to the door when they leave.
- Don’t sweep the floor while the body is still lying in state or else other deaths in the family may follow
- No tears should fall on the dead or the coffin as it would make a person’s journey to the afterlife difficult
- When someone sneezes at the wake, pinch him
- During the wake the dead person’s relatives must not take a bath.
Filipino Practices/Rituals: Superstitious Beliefs (2)
- Food from the wake should not be brought home because it’s believed that the dead touches all of it
- After a funeral service, guests should not go directly home. This way the spirit of the dead won’t follow them to their house
- When carrying a coffin out for burial, it should be carried head first as it prevents the soul of the dead from coming back
- Family members should wear black or white, colors are prohibited
Filipino Practices/Rituals: Superstitious Beliefs (3)
- Weddings, birthdays, and other social activities should not be celebrated for one year
- The widow, children, and immediate family members are prohibited from carrying the coffin or else they will become ill and die
- While the casket is on its way to the cemetery or the church, relatives who preferred to stay at home should not have a glimpse of the casket or else someone in the family would die.
