Module 1 Flashcards
is the branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses
Psychiatry
Psychology vs Psychiatry
Psychology- Focus on normal functioning
Psychiatry- Medical orientation
- Focus is mental illness or abnormality
What is the primary purpose of psychiatry?
- Diagnosis -To define and recognize illnesses
- Treatment -To identify methods for treating them
- Research - To develop methods for discovering their causes and implementing preventive measures
The brain controls
Thinking
Feeling
Behaving
Neuroscientific tools help us understand brain anatomy, brain chemistry, and neurophysiology.
- Computerized Tomography scan
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Positive Emission Tomograph
asserts that the state of health a person is a result of the interaction of biological, psychological and social factors.
Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Disease
- The traditional model
- Disease are caused by one or a chain of biochemical and physiological changes that can ultimately be identified and measured
Biomedical Model of Disease
Health is the product of the interactions among biological, psychological and social factors
Biopsychosocial Model of health and diseas
What are these subsystems that interact?
1. Biological –Genetic –Neurochemical, neuroendocrine, and psychopharmacological –Biological rhythms 2. Psychological –Conflicts –Defense mechanisms –Relationships –Self-esteem 3. Social –Culture –Religion –Socio-economic status
is the theoretical basis of the biopsychosocial model
Systems theory
- A theory of personality which states that much of our behavior is governed by unconscious forces.
- Founded by Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
The Structure of the Mind
- Conscious –…we are aware of
– facts about yourself
–I don’t like this movie star. - Preconscious - …sometimes aware of, sometimes not
–some dark feelings in the past
–I think it may be his mustache. - Unconscious - …not at all aware of
–some dark feelings about some persons
–I don’t know why. (He probably reminds you of your father who you do not like.)
What is the unconscious composed of?
- Feelings we don’t understand
–Inordinate anger
–I get so angry when my boyfriend cannot give me attention. I don’t know why. - Fears we don’t understand.
–Phobias
–I’m scared of spiders. I don’t know why. - Beliefs we are not aware of.
–False beliefs
–Racial prejudice - Acts we are not aware of.
–Sabotaging self
–I fell asleep the night before the exams.
Proofs that the unconscious exists
- We are unaware of our motives.
- We cannot describe them in words but we express them in: Dreams, slips of the tongue and self-destructive behaviors
- Sexual or pleasure-seeking force
- Destructive or death-seeking force
Instinctual forces
- Are unconscious mental operations deployed to deal with anxiety.
- Are unconscious
- Can be mature or immature
- Immature defenses are seen in early stages of life; mature defenses are seen in later stages of life
Defense Mechanism
Psychosexual stages
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
Psychosexual stages
- Oral - 0-18 months
- Anal - 12 months to 3 years
- Phallic - 3 years to 6 years
- Latency - 6 years to puberty
- Genital - Puberty to adulthood
–Birth to 18 months
–Mouth
–feeding
Developmental Task
–Satisfaction of dependency needs;
–Development of trusting relationships
Oral stage
–Age: 18 months to 3 years
–Anus
–Bowel movement
Developmental Task
–Autonomy and control of own body
Anal stage
- 3-4 to 5-6 years
–Genitals
–Observation of difference between the sexes
Developmental task
–Appreciating gender differences
–development of sexual identity
Phallic stage
- 5-6 to puberty
–Increased socialization
Developmental Task
–Control of sexual and aggressive forces through sublimation and peer relationships
Latency stage
–Puberty into adulthood
–Sexual function
Developmental Task
–Establishment of personal identity
Genital stage
–Exclusion from consciousness of impulses, emotions, or memories that would otherwise cause distress
Example: Painful memories, such as sexual abuse are kept out of awareness
Repression
–Adoption of behavior opposite to behavior that would truly reflect true feelings or intentions
Example: Prudish attitudes to sex as a reaction to unacceptable sexual urges
Reaction formation
- Inferred when a person behaves as if unaware of something that he may reasonably be accepted to know
Example: Someone with cancer … to live normally as if …
Denial
- Provision of a false but acceptable explanation for behavior that has a less acceptable origin
Example: A husband may leave his wife at home because…
Rationalization
- Transfer of emotion from a person, object or situation which is properly associated with another source
Example: After the recent death of his wife, a man may blame the doctor for her death…
Displacement
–Diversion of unacceptable impulses to more acceptable outlets
Example: Turning the need to dominate others into organization of good works for charity
Sublimation
–Attribution to another person of thoughts or feelings similar to one’s own, thereby rendering one’s own thoughts and feelings more acceptable
Example: A person who dislikes a colleague may attribute reciprocal feelings of dislike to him…
Projection
–Adoption of the characteristics or activities of another person, often to reduce the pain of separation or loss
Example: A widow may undertake volunteer work that her husband used to do
Identification
–Adoption of behavior appropriate to an earlier stage of development
Example: Dependence on others
Regression
Defenses in Psychosexual Stages
- Oral - Repression, regression, denial
- Anal - Reaction-formation
- Phallic - Displacement, reaction formation
- Latency - Sublimation, rationalization
- Genital - Sublimation, identification
Leads to: Fear of abandonment, lack of trust
Adult problem: Overeating, Alcoholism, Suspicious
Trauma in early childhood: child abuse
Trauma in anal stage leads to
obsessive-compulsive behavior
Trauma in the oral stage leads to
eating disorders, substance abuse and paranoia
Trauma in phallic stage leads to
problems in sexual functioning
Trauma in latency stage leads to
poor interpersonal relations
Trauma in genital stage leads to
problems in sexual orientation
A model of personality that states that the interplay of learning and experience determines development.
–Our beliefs determine our emotional response to information.
–Beliefs guide our actions.
–False beliefs about the self, others and the world cause mental health problems and mental illness.
Cognitive-Behavioural Theory
–A first year med student wants to try zip-lining. As he waits his turn in the queue, he thinks:
-Even if there is the remotest chance of something bad happening, I must protect myself. So… Feeling? Action?
Over-estimating risk
–A first year med student is being asked by her best friend to be the emcee at the friend’s wedding reception. She wants to try but…
- If I don’t do it perfectly, then I’ve done it horribly. So… Feeling? Action?
All or None
A first year med student scratched his arm against the wall of his classroom in San Beda. He had just learned of HIV.
-An open sore on my arm means… AIDS. So… Feeling? Action?
Catastrophizing
- A big part of our personality is unsconscious.
- We use defense mechanisms unconsciously.
- Problems in childhood lead to problems in adulthood.
Psychoanalysis
- Early childhood experiences form our beliefs
- Problems in childhood can lead to false beliefs
- The resulting false beliefs lead to further false beliefs.
Cognitive Behavioral Theory
