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English 211 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

syntax

A

a component of mental grammar that deals with constructing phrasal expressions out of smaller expressions

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2
Q

syntactician

A

someone who studies syntax

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3
Q

phrase

A

a linguistic expression that results from the syntactic combination of smaller expressions. A multi-word linguistic expression

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4
Q

linguistic expression

A

a piece of language with a form, meaning, and syntactic properties

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5
Q

syntactic properties

A

properties of linguistic expressions that dictate how they can syntactically combine with other expressions; namely, word order and co-occurence properties

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6
Q

grammaticality judgment

A

an instance of a native speaker of some language deciding whether some string of words corresponds to a syntactically well-formed or grammatical phrasal expression in their native language

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7
Q

principle of compositionality

A

the notion that the meaning of a phrasal expression is predictable from the meanings of the expressions it contains and how they were syntactically combined

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8
Q

lexical expression

A

a linguistic expression that has to be listed in the mental lexicon; e.g. single-word expressions and idioms

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9
Q

phrasal expression

A

a linguistic expression that results from the syntactic combination of smaller expressions. A multi-word linguistic expression.

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10
Q

co-occurence

A

the set of syntactic properties that determines which expressions may or have to co-occur with some other expressions in a sentence

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11
Q

topicalization

A

a syntactic process by which (in English) a syntactic constituent occurs at the beginning of a sentence in order to highlight the topic under discussion

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12
Q

adposition

A

the set of propositions, postpositions, circumpositions, and perhaps a few other items

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13
Q

postposition

A

a class of words similar to prepositions, but which come after their complement

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14
Q

argument

A

a linguistic expression that must occur in a sentence if some other expression occurs in that sentence as well. If the occurrence of an expression X in a sentence requires the occurrence expression Y in that sentence, we say that Y is an argument of X

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15
Q

complement

A

a non-subject argument of some expression

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16
Q

adjunct

A

a linguistic expression whose occurrence in a sentence is optional; also called a modifier

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17
Q

syntactic constituent

A

a group of linguistic expressions that function as a syntactic unit within some larger expression; the smaller expressions out of which some larger phrasal expression was constructed in accordance with the phrase structure rules

18
Q

clefting

A

The technique by which a cleft is formed in order to test for constituency

19
Q

cleft

A

a type of sentence that has the general form “It is/was X that Y.” Can be used as a constituency test

20
Q

coordination

A

a technique which involves the use of a coordinating conjunction such as “and” or “or” to test for constituency

21
Q

conjunct

A

an argument of a coordinating conjunction such as “and” or “or”

22
Q

syntactic category

A

a group of expressions that have very similar syntactic properties. All expressions that belong to the same syntactic category have more or less the same syntactic distribution

23
Q

syntactic distribution

A

refers to the set of syntactic environments in which an expression can occur. If two expressions are interchangeable in all syntactic environments, we say they have the same syntactic distribution, and therefore belong to the same syntactic category

24
Q

noun phrase

A

the name of a syntactic category that consists of proper names, pronouns, and all other expressions with the same syntactic distribution

25
Q

verb phrase

A

(English syntax) the name of a syntactic category that consists of all expressions which if combined with a noun phrase on their left result in a sentence

26
Q

intransitive verb

A

the name for the set of lexical expressions whose syntactic category is verb phrase

27
Q

transitive verb

A

the name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with an expression of category noun phrase to their right result in a verb phrase; a verb that needs a noun phrase complement

28
Q

ditransitive verb

A

the name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with two expressions of category noun phrase to their right result in a verb phrase. a verb that needs two noun phrase complements

29
Q

sentenial complement verb

A

the name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with a sentence to their right result in a verb phrase; a verb that needs a sentence as its complement

30
Q

VP adjunct

A

a kind of adjunct that combines with an expression of syntactic category verb phrase with the resulting expression also being of category verb phrase

31
Q

N adjunct

A

(noun adjunct) a kind of adjunct that combines with an expression of syntactic category noun with the resulting expression also being of category noun

32
Q

prepositional phrase

A

the name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that contain a preposition and a noun phrase; can be verb phrase adjuncts or noun adjuncts

33
Q

lexical entry

A

a representation of a lexical expression and its linguistic properties within a descriptive grammar of some language; has the form f–>X where f is the form of some lexical expression and X is its syntactic category

34
Q

phrase structure rules

A

a recipe for syntactically combining expressions of certain syntactic categories. Along with the lexicon, PS rules are part of a descriptive grammar of some language. PS rules have the general form X–>Y1…Yn

35
Q

dummy pronoun

A

used in non-pro-drop languages where the language syntactically requires a pronoun, but the context doesn’t call for one (“It” in “It’s raining”)

36
Q

Greenberg’s Linguistic Universals

A

A list of 45 linguistic universals formulated by Joseph Greenberg

37
Q

valency

A

the number of arguments a verb takes (intrans. 1, trans. 2, ditrans. 3) (“bet” may take 4 at times)

38
Q

Transformational

Generative Theory of Linguistics

A

One of Noam Chomsky’s theories of linguistics (1960s)

39
Q

structural ambiguity

A

the phenomenon where a single string of words (or morphemes) is the form of more than one distinct phrasal expression (or word). This arises because the same expressions can combine differently syntactically, resulting in distinct phrases that happen to have the same form

40
Q

phrase structure tree

A

a visual representation of how phrases are constructed within a descriptive grammar, given the lexicon and the phrase structure rules

English 211 (7 decks)

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