Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

organism hierarchy

A

cells
tissue
organs
body systems
organisms

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2
Q

cell junctions

A

type of membrane protein facilitating cell to cell attachments

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3
Q

endothelial cells

A

cells that line the inside of blood vessels

protective barrier

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4
Q

epithelial cells

A

cells that line the cavities and surfaces of organs

rest on basement membrane (specialized extracellular matrix that separates them from connective tissue)

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5
Q

types of junction proteins

A

tight junctions
adherens junctions
desmosomes

all part of junctional complex

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6
Q

tight junctions

A

structurally and functionally dived the plasma membrane into two domains (apical surface - top, basal surface - bottom)

phospholipids cant move across tight junctions

proteins in tight junction connect to cell cytoskeleton

regulate paracellular transport

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7
Q

adherens junctions

A

use transmembrane receptor proteins (cadherins) that bind to other cadherins on neighbouring cells

overlap of cadherins is proportional to bond strength

found in neural synapses and cardiac muscles

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8
Q

desmosomes

A

provide structural integrity to cell

function like snaps to eachother

link cytoskeleton of cell

found in cells exposes to physical stress (skin and cardiac muscles)

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9
Q

gap junctions

A

built of two halves, connect to cross intercellular gap

cells connected by gap junctions use channel gating to move ions sugars nucleotides and other molecules

important in cardiac muscles contraction

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10
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

network of molecules that fill space between cells

proteins formed by cells to provide external structure and support of the cells and tissues of the body

without tissues cant hold together properly

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11
Q

basement membrane

A

special matrix below epithelial cells and on outside of tissues

consist of special sheet of collagen and other proteins that is a structure foundation and barrier for epithelial cells and a network to stabilize tissue

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12
Q

types of ECM proteins

A

collagen
fibronectin
elastin
laminins
proteoglycans

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13
Q

collagen

A

main structural protein of ECM

exists as triple helix which crosslink to form fibrils which form collagen fibers

multiple types specific to different tissues

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14
Q

fibronectin

A

glycoproteins that connect cells to collagen matrices, cell adhesion

expressed as dimers and bind to integrins

interactions with cytoskeleton cause dimers to straighten and associate with other fibronectins resulting in fibrils at the cell surface

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15
Q

elastin

A

give elasticity to tissues allowing them to return back to original shape after being distorted by external force

have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions allowing them to return

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16
Q

laminins

A

provide adhesive substrate for cells and strengthen ECM

forms triple helical coils, forms cross like structure w multiple binding sites for ECM proteins

each end of T forms a connection with neighbouring molecule

can handle tension in multiple directions

17
Q

proteoglycans

A

hydrated gel resistant to compressive forces

important for cartilage in joints

consist of protein polypeptide core and attached sugar residues

18
Q

types of tissues

A

epithelial
nervous
muscle
connective

19
Q

epithelial tissues + types

A

protects inside of body from environment

there is specialization
- skin epithelial tissues
- gland epithelial tissue
- digestive tract epithelial tissue

20
Q

gland epithelial tissue

A

epithelial cells specialize to form glands

cells organize forming pocket like structures where they release secretions via ducts

exocrine glands
- release secretion outside body

endocrine glands (dont have ducts)
- release secretions internally into bloodstream

21
Q

digestive tract epithelial tissue

A

line entire digestive system

different types functions
- produce and excrete glycosylated proteins (exocytosis), mucus protecting cells
- form digestive glands that produce and release digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid (exocrine gland)
- facilitate transportation, nutrients transport across cells to enter body

22
Q

nervous tissues

A

use electrical communication to carry information over long distances

composed of nerve cells and glial cells

23
Q

mechanisms of nervous tissues

A

differences in ion concentration across membrane creates electrical potential

changes in electrical potential are used as a signal allowing for rapid communication

24
Q

muscle tissue

A

convert chemical and electrical signals into mechanical movement

types of muscles
- skeletal (moves skeleton)
- smooth (lines digestive system, larger blood vessels and anywhere requiring contractile activity)
- cardiac (found in heart, pump blood)

25
Q

connective tissues

A

fill space between cells to provide mechanical strength and cushioning for protection

make up the ECM

different types with different characteristics
- lungs, ECM rich in elastin
- bone, ECM rigid

common cell type fibroblast

26
Q

organs

A

when two or more tissue types come together to form a function

27
Q

stomach

A

epithelial tissues line it, protect from digestive proteins and acids

outside lined with smooth muscles cells to contract to mix contents and propel them into the intestine

nervous tissues control and coordinate contractions and some gland secretion

connective tissue, hold everything together and provide shape

28
Q

body systems

A

formed when two or more organs come together with a coordinated purpose (11 total)

29
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart (pump), blood vessels (routes of transport) and blood (carries nutrients to cells and removes their wastes)

30
Q

homeostasis

A

ability of a cell of organism to regulate and maintain is internal environment regardless of the influences of the external environment

31
Q

homeostatic control system

A

sensor - detects environmental variable

integrator - compares the variable to its set point

effector - if value is different from set point effector initiates changes to restore set point

can be intrinsically or extrinsically controlled

32
Q

body temperature control

A

body set point 37 C

sensor - temperature monitoring nerve cells, always sensing and sending information to thermoregulation center

integrator - thermoregulation checks information and compares it to set point, if different signals effector

effector - blood vessels in the skin contract (minimize heat loss) and skeletal muscles rapidly contract, shivering (generate heat)

33
Q

intrinsically controlled

A

sensor, integrator and effect all located within a tissue

exercising skeletal muscle that needs oxygen to produce ATP
- oxygen drops, sensed by blood vessels, muscles dilate to increase oxygen

34
Q

extrinsically controlled

A

regulatory mechanisms outside of the tissue or organ

35
Q

negative feedback loop

A

effect initiate response in opposite direction thus restoring set point

once reached effector actions stop

36
Q

positive feedback loop

A

effector amplify initial signal

not homeostatic

breastfeeding stimulates more milk production