Module 6

Question 1

Genetic basis of development

Cells become structurally, functionally, & biochemically different by expressing different genes at different times during development

Answer 1

Differential Gene Expression

Question 2

T or F: All cells in an organism are GENOMICALLY EQUIVALENT

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Type of cells that can give rise to an entire adult plant

Answer 3

Totipotent cells

Question 4

Cloning of Dolly (Dumping steps because idk if we need this but its in the ppt)

Answer 4

1. Mammary cell arrest at G0 (from mammary cell donor) in culture; arrested at G0 phase (to stop from replicating at S phase)
2. Egg cell (from egg cell donor) has nucleus removed
3. Cells are fused; nucleus comes from mammary cell
4. Grown in culture to form an early embryo
5. Early embryo implanted in uterus of third sheep—surrogate mother
6. Embryonic development results in Chromosomally identical child to mammary cell donor

Question 5

______ of human stem cells give rise to different tissues

Answer 5

Differentiation

Question 6

Cells with the following characteristics exhibit _______:

Form all cell types of the embryo and adult

Includes germ cells and extra-embryonic structures

Answer 6

Totipotency

Question 7

Cells with the following characteristics exhibit _______:

Form all cell types of the embryo and adult

including germ cells but not extra-embryonic structures

Usually in ES and PGC Cells

Answer 7

Pluripotency

Question 8

Cells with the following characteristics exhibit _______:

Able to form most but not all tissue cells of the body; usually in gastrula or adult stem cells

Answer 8

Multipotency

Question 9

Cells with the following characteristics exhibit _______:

Form just one other cell type; usually in somatic cells

Answer 9

Unipotency

Question 10

What can Northern Blot Analysis tell us?

Answer 10

Genes are not necessarily expressed in the same organs

Question 11

______ determines polarity

Answer 11

Genes

Question 12

What is cascade of gene switching?

Answer 12

Genes yield transcription factors that signal other genes to produce other transcription factors to signal another set of genes

Question 13

These are genes that:

Regulate development

Determine which body parts are made at which locations on developing organisms

Encode transcription factors which typically switch on cascades of other genes

First found in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster

Answer 13

Hox Genes

Question 14

180-bp inclusion in hox genes that encodes a DNA-binding sequence of 60 amino acids known as the HOMEODOMAIN

Answer 14

Homeobox

Question 15

Automated detection and measure of expression of thousands of genes at a given time that makes use of cDNAs amplified from mRNA transcripts

Answer 15

DNA Microarray Assays

Question 16

DNA Microarray assay steps

Answer 16

1. Isolation of mRNA from tissue sample
2. cDNA production through reverse transcription using fluorescently labeled nucleotides
3. Hybridization by application of cDNA mixture to DNA microarray
4. Excess cDNA is rinsed off and scanned for fluorescence

Question 17

Interpretation of results from DNA Microarray Assays

Answer 17

Spots where any of the cDNA hybridizes fluoresce with an intensity, indicating the relative amount of the mRNA that was in the tissue.

Provides how ensembles of genes interact to form a living organism.

If this color shows in assay, its this specific base