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BIO 140 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Study of variation and heredity

A

Genetics

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2
Q

Similarities and differences among organisms

A

Variation

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3
Q

How characteristics are transmitted through generations

A

Heredity

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4
Q

Functions of Genetic Information

A
  • Directs Cellular Function
  • Determines external appearance
  • Serves as link between generations in every species
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5
Q

Genes are Particulate Factors

A

Gregor Mendel

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6
Q

Discovered Nucleic Acids

A

Friedrich miescher

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7
Q

Chromosomes are hereditary units

A

Walter Sutton

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8
Q

Genes lie on chromosomes

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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9
Q

Chromosomes are linear arrays of genes

A

Alfred Sturtevant

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10
Q

Mutations are physical changes in genes

A

Hermann Muller

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11
Q

Recombination occurs by crossing over

A

Harriett Creighton & Barbara McClintock

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12
Q

A gene codes for a protein

A

George Beadle & Edward Tatum

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13
Q

DNA is the genetic material

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

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14
Q

First protein sequenced

A

Frederick Sanger

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15
Q

DNA is a double helix

A

James Watson & Francis Crick (AND Rosalind Franklin)

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16
Q

DNA replicates semiconservatively

A

Matthew Meselson & Franklin Stahl

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17
Q

Genetic code is triplet

A

Marshall Nirenberg & Heinrich Matthaei

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18
Q

DNA can be sequenced

A

Frederick Sanger, Allan Maxam & Walter Gilbert

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19
Q

Haemophilus influenzaegenome sequenced

A

Institute of Genomic Research

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20
Q

Human genome sequenced

A

Human Genome Project

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21
Q

4 FIELDS OF GENETICS

A
  1. Transmission Genetics
  2. Cytogenetics
  3. Molecular Genetics
  4. Population Genetics
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22
Q

Patterns of inheritance are determined through planned breeding experiments

A

Transmission Genetics

23
Q

Study of the cellular or physical basis of heredity (chromosomes)

A

Cytogenetics

24
Q

Characterization of the chemical nature of the genetic materials (DNA and RNA) as well as the mode by which they bring about the traits they control

A

Molecular Genetics

25
Q

Describes the behavior of genes in large groups of individuals with passage of time

A

Population Genetics

26
Q

6 METHODS OF STUDYING GENETICS

A
  1. Planned experimental breeding
  2. Pedigree analysis
  3. Statistical analysis
  4. Twin study
  5. Karyotyping
  6. DNA testing/profiling
27
Q

discrete heritable units that are passed
on from parent to offspring

A

Genes

28
Q

alternative forms of the same gene; found in chromosomes

A

Alleles

29
Q

Differentiate Dominant and Recessive Allele

A

Dominant allele–fully expressed

Recessive allele–has no noticeable effect in the presence of the dominant allele

30
Q

particular site in the chromosome where an allele is found

A

Locus

31
Q

matched pair of chromosomes in a diploid cell

A

Homologous Chromosomes

32
Q

Characteristics of a genetic material

A
  1. Stable – does not easily denature (940 C)
  2. Replicable – sequence (and information) can be
    copied
  3. Translatable – sequence (and information) can
    be converted into a different
    language (proteins)
  4. Mutable – can be changed to yield variations
33
Q

Evidence favoring DNA as the genetic material

A
  1. Transformation experiments by Griffith (1927)
  2. Transformation experiments by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty (1944)
34
Q

Why are AT/AU pairings weaker than GC base pairs.

A

GC has 1 more H-bond than AT/AU

35
Q

Types of RNA

A
  1. Transfer RNA (tRNA)–carries amino acids
  2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)–binds with proteins to form ribosomes
  3. Messenger RNA (mRNA)–template for protein synthesis
  4. Micro RNA (miRNA)–regulates gene expression
36
Q

Transcription differs from DNA replication in 3 ways:

A

1.Only a small region of one DNA strand is used as a
template.
2. RNA polymerase instead of DNA polymerase for nucleotide addition.
3. Results in a single-stranded RNA.

37
Q

Transcription components

A

1) RNA polymerase and associated proteins
2) DNA sequence
a) promoter
b) gene

38
Q

DNA strand from which RNA is transcribed

A

Template/Antisense Strand

39
Q

Untranscribed strand; Identical in sequence to transcribed RNA

A

Coding/Sense strand

40
Q

Types of RNA polymerases in Eubacteria

A

Only 1 type used for all types of RNAs

41
Q

Types of RNA polymerases in Archaea

A

Several types but not studied

42
Q

Types of RNA Polymerases in Eukarya

A

1.RNA polymerase I–18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA
2. RNA polymerase II-precursor mRNA, miRNA
3. RNA polymerase III–tRNA, 5S rRNA, miRNA

43
Q

Conformation of the tRNA anticodon loop permits flexibility at the 1stbase of the anticodon.; Hypothesis that explains why differences at third codon can occur but leave it unaffected.

A

Wobble Hypothesis

44
Q

Function of mRNA

A

Template for protein synthesis

45
Q

Function of tRNA

A

Carries Amino Acids

46
Q

Function of rRNA

A

Binds with proteins forming ribosomes

47
Q

Difference between Prokaryote and Eukaryote central dogma

A

Prokaryote: Replication, transcription, and translation occur in cytoplasm and can occur at the same time

Eukaryote: Step-by-step due to different locations for each step

48
Q

Occurs during the Synthesis (S) phase of cell cycle

Single chromatid thread → two chromatids

Each daughter cell must have a copy of a sister chromatid

Semiconservative

Produces daughter double strands made up of an old and new strand

Occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction

The orientation of the DNA template is 3’ to 5’ direction

A

Replication

49
Q

Causes Okazaki Fragments

A

Lagging strand; transcription requires multiple promoters.

50
Q

Biosynthesis of RNA from DNA template

A

Transcription

51
Q

Enzymes involved in replication and their function (3):

A

Helicase - unwinds the double helix by disrupting H-bonds

DNA polymerase - joins the sugar phosphate backbone between nucleotides

DNA ligase - connects Okazaki fragments via formation of phosphodiester bonds

52
Q

Stages of Transcription

A
  1. Initiation
    - RNA pol and associated proteins bind to the promoter region
  2. Elongation
    - DNA unwinds as H bonds break
    - Free nucleotides of the RNA pair with complementary DNA bases
    - RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms (aided by RNA pol)
  3. Termination
    - H bonds of untwisted RNA+DNA ladder break, freeing the new RNA
53
Q

Sites of large ribosomal subunit

A

E site - exit site
P site - Peptidyl-tRNA binding site
A site - Aminoacyl-tRNA binding site

54
Q

Hep hep?

A

Hooray

BIO 140 (8 decks)

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