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Pathopharmacology Intro > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What % of blood is plasma

A

55%

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2
Q

What % of blood is formed elements

A

45%

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3
Q

Plasma is made of what components

A

water, proteins, electrolytes, and clotting factors

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4
Q

how do platelets react to a vessel injury

A

the cytoplasmic granules release adhesive proteins, coagulation, and growth factors

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5
Q

What is the normal platelet count

A

150,000 - 400,000

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6
Q

what is the number of platelets that constitute thrombocytopenia

A

< 100,000

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7
Q

what is the concern with thrombocytopenia

A

high risk of bleeding

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8
Q

where are additional platelets stored

A

spleen

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9
Q

where are platelets made

A

bone marrow

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10
Q

platelets circulate in their __________ state

A

unactivated

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11
Q

what are the 4 steps after platelets are activated

A
  1. increased platelet adhesion
  2. activation leading to platelet degranulation (release mediators)
  3. aggregation as platelet-vascular wall and platelet-platelet adherence increases
  4. activation of clotting system
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12
Q

what is antithrombin III

A

a circulating inhibitor of thrombin (which stops the clotting process)

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13
Q

what does tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) do

A

inhibits Xa

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14
Q

what do tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase like plasminogen activator do

A

activates plasminogen to turn into plasmin which then breaks down fibrin

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15
Q

what are the 5 goals of coagulation therapy

A

prevent clot formation
break apart an existing clot
can help increase circulation and perfusion
decrease pain
prevent further tissue damage

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16
Q

biggest concern with anticoagulation therapy

A

bleeding

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17
Q

what are later signs on bleeding evidenced by vital signs

A

decrease in BP, increased RR

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18
Q

what are later signs of bleeding evidenced by inspection of the skin

A

ashen / gray color

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19
Q

what do anti-platelet drugs do

A

prevent platelet plugs from forming by inhibiting platelet aggregation

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20
Q

what happens with heparin induced thrombocytopenia

A

low platelet count and increased development of thrombi

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21
Q

when looking at platelet count, when should you stop heparin

A

<100,000

22
Q

IV heparin is based on what clotting time labs

A

anti-Xa or aPTTT (activated partial thromboplastin time)

23
Q

what foods should you avoid on warfarin

A

high vitamin K foods - kale, brussel sprouts, pickled cucumber, kiwi fruit, green beans, broccoli, cabbage, asparagus, okra, lettuce

24
Q

what is a thrombus

A

a blood clot that remains attached to a vessel wall

25
Q

what is a thromboembolism

A

a blood clot that has become detached from a vessel wall

26
Q

what is a venous thromboembolism

A

a blood clot that is located in the venous circulation

27
Q

what is DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis - it is a blood clot located in one of the deep veins

28
Q

what is the triad of virchow (definition and parts)

A

definition: three factors that promote formation of a venous thrombosis
factors:
1. venous stasis - old age, immobile, HF
2. venous endothelial damage - result of trauma, surgery, or some IV meds
3. hypercoagulability - increased clotting, can be genetic, pregnant, people who use oral contraceptives, surgery

29
Q

what are the 13 risk factors for DVT

A
  1. clotting disorders
  2. immobility
  3. injury / surgery
  4. pregnancy
  5. oral contraceptives / hormone replacement therapy
  6. overweight / obese
  7. smoking
  8. cancer / chemo
  9. HF
  10. IBD
  11. hx of DVT or family hx
  12. age > 60
  13. varicose veins / spider veins
30
Q

what are the 4 most serious complications of DVT / VTE

A
  1. PE
  2. chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
  3. post thrombotic syndrome
  4. phlegmasia cerula dolens
31
Q

what is allostasis

A

dynamic process that supports / helps body return to set point

32
Q

what are s/s of allostatic overload

A

hair loss, tension, mouth sores, tension headaches, palpitations, tics, digestive disorders, acne, irritable bladder, irregular menstrual cycle, impotence, sleep disturbances

33
Q

what is the benefit of eustress

A

can help focus and motivate

34
Q

what is the problem of distress

A

it is a negative reaction that can have long term negative consequences

35
Q

what is coping and what does it focus on

A

strategies / action that are typically addressed towards the stressor

36
Q

what are the 3 stages of general adaptation syndrome

A

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

37
Q

in the stress response, when the hypothalamus is activated it can activate what two cascades

A
  1. sympathetic nervous system
  2. adrenal-cortical system
38
Q

what does the adrenal medulla release

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

39
Q

what hormone actives the adrenal-cortical system

A

corticotropin releasing factor

40
Q

what hormone does the pituitary gland secrete

A

ACTH, adrenocorticotropin hormone

41
Q

where does ACTH go once it is released by the pituitary gland

A

adrenal cortex

42
Q

what 2 things happen with the brain when it is exposed to stress that isn’t relieved and goes into the exhaustion phase

A

hypertrophy of adrenal cortex and atrophy of lymphatic tissue

43
Q

what does norepinephrine

A

dilates pupils, decrease gastric secretion, inhibits insulin secretion

44
Q

what does epinephrine

A

enhance heart contractility and heart rate, dilates airway, increase glycogenolysis, and inhibits insulin secretion

45
Q

glucocorticoids promote the synthesis of what

A

epinephrine

46
Q

glucocorticoids + __________ help develop memories

A

catecholamines

47
Q

what does cortisol do

A

increase CO and blood pressure, decrease estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone, increase level of amino acids (by increasing the breakdown of proteins, lymph nodes, and adipose tissue), stimulates gluconeogenesis, suppresses immune response, and causes atrophy of lymph tissue

48
Q

what is aldosterone an example of

A

mineralocorticoid

49
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

absorb Na+, excrete K+, increase BP

50
Q

what can happen is someone is sleep deprived

A

apathy, impaired memory, poor judgment, hallucinations

51
Q

why would we use steroids

A

replacement for those that have a deficiency, for anti-inflammatory properties, for immunosuppression, for asthma, COPD exacerbation, chronic IBD, or post-transplant

Pathopharmacology Intro (6 decks)

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