Module 1 Flashcards
Define pharmacology.
The study of biological effects of drugs that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change.
Define pharmacokinetics.
What happens to the drugs in the body.
Define therapeutic effect.
The intended effects of the drug (what we want to happen.
What are side effects?
Unintended, sometimes unavoidable effects of a medication.
What kind of effects do toxicities have?
Harmful.
What type of response does an allergic reaction stimulate?
Immune response.
What name of medications is all lowercase? Which has an uppercase?
Lowercase = generic names, uppercase = trade names.
What is a prototype drug? What is typically done with those?
Typically the first drug that represents a group or class of medications. They are used for comparison when other manufactures like Walgreens or Kroger make the drug.
List and define each of the components YOU are responsible for knowing about medications for this class.
Names (trade and generic)
Classification
Mechanism of action (how the drugs work)
Indication (why they are being used, what do they treat)
Common and serious adverse events
Contraindications
Nursing indications (assessments to complete, serious interactions, what do i need to monitor with this)
How are new drugs approved?
Through strict scientific tests, approved by FDA.
What happens in preclinical trials?
Tested on lab animals for therapeutic and adverse events.
What happens in phase 1 clinical trials?
Healthy human volunteers are used to test the drugs.
What happens in phase 2 clinical trials?
Drug is tried on patients who have the disease the drug is designed to treat.
What happens in phase 3 clinical trials?
Drug is used in clinical market.
Prescribers informed of adverse effects and instructed to monitor patients.
Still can have new adverse events and be taken off market
What happens in phase 4 clinical trials?
Continued evaluation from FDA.
Define schedule 1 drugs.
Not approved for any medical use, no reason to prescribe.
Give two examples of a schedule 1 drug.
Heroin, LSD.
Define schedule 2 drugs.
Used medically but HIGH potential for abuse.
Give two examples of types of drugs that are schedule 2.
Narcotics and amphetamines.
Define schedule 3 drugs.
Have less potential for abuse than schedule 2.
Give two specific examples of schedule 3 drugs.
Lortab and vicodin.
Can schedule 2 drugs be have prescribed refills?
No.
Define schedule 4 drugs.
Have some potential for abuse.
What are two types of drugs that are classified as a schedule 4 drug.
Anti-anxiety and sedatives. (Xanax, Valium, Ambien)
Define schedule 5 drugs.
Low potential for abuse.
What is an example of a schedule 5 drug.
Cough syrup that has codeine in it.
Why are some OTC medications behind the counter?
Have increased risk of being abused (like sudafed).
Dietary and herbal supplements can only claim what?
Affect on body structure or function. Cannot “treat” a medical diagnosis, disease, or condition.
How can herbal supplements interact with drugs?
Some herbal supplements can increase the toxicity of prescription medication.
Some can cause decreased therapeutic effects.
Define teratogen.
Substances that can cause congenital malformations in developing fetus.
What is a category A teratogen?
Safe for fetus.
What is a category B teratogen?
Lack of studies to show benefits and risks.
What is a category C teratogen?
No studies in humans. Animal studies show possible risk. Patients should consult OB.
What is a category D teratogen?
Drugs that have a possible risk to the fetus. Patients should consult with OB about risks and benefits.
What is a category X teratogen?
Drugs that have a known risk that cannot be outweighed by possible benefits.
Define pathophysiology.
Study of disease and injury.
Define pathology.
Lab study of cells and tissues.
What are the two causes of diseases?
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Define intrinsic factors that cause disease. Give examples.
Something that is going wrong inside the body.
EX: genes, age, immunity, age, gender.
Define extrinsic factors that cause disease. Give examples.
Something that has gotten you sick from the outside.
EX: bacteria, viruses, injury, behaviors, stressors, fungi.
What does etiology mean?
The cause of disease.
What are the 4 stages of disease?
- Exposure
- Onset
- Remission
- Convalescence
What are the types of onset for a disease?
Sudden, insidious (slow and gradual), latent, prodromal (onset symptoms before sickness), and manifestation.
What is convalescence?
Recovering from a disease.
Idiopathic vs. Iatrogenic diseases.
Idiopathic: We don’t know what caused it, although we may have some theories and ideas,
Iatrogenic: Caused by some type of medical treatment.
What is exacerbation?
Worsening or acute decline in a person’s condition or disease.
Hypo-
Under, below.
Hyper-
Above, over.
-penia
Lack of, deficiency.
-cytosis
Refers to cells, increase.
osis-
Process/condition, production/increase, infection.
-itis
Inflammaton.
-pathy
Disease or suffering.
Signs of localized inflammation:
Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function.
What is the purpose of inflammation?
Acts as a protective mechanism to begin the healing process. Includes destroying invading/harmful agents, limits the spread of harmful agents, and prepares damaged tissue for repair.
Exogenous vs. Endogenous examples of causes of inflammation:
Exogenous: Falls, burns, surgery, trauma.
Endogenous: Tissue ischemia, internal damage.
Acute vs. Chronic inflammation:
Acute: Lasts less than two weeks.
Chronic: Extends over longer periods (can cause scar tissue)
What is chemotaxis?
Process by which neutrophils are attracted to inflamed tissue.
What is exudate?
Fluid that leaks out of blood vessels, neutrophils, and debris.
What is serous exudate?
Watery, low protein, mild inflammation.
What is serosanguineous exudate?
Pink-tinged fluid, small amount of RBC.
What is purulent exudate?
Severe inflammation with bacterial infection, neutrophils, protein, and debris.
What is hemorrhagic exudate?
Lots of RBC, most severe inflammation.
What do cytokines cause in the inflammatory response?
Fever, increased neutrophils, lethargy, muscle breakdown.
What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?
Cluster of genes of chromosome 6 that are proteins on all cell surfaces that label cells as part of the self as opposed to an invader.
What are the two types of cells involved in adaptive immunity?
B and T cells.
What are the 2 types of B cells?
Memory B cells and plasma B cells.
What do memory B cells do?
Remember exposure to specific antigens (“name tags”).
What do plasma B cells do?
Secrete antibodies that are then circulated in the blood and bind to the antigen that triggered production.
What does IgG do?
Protect against bacterial and viral infections by remembering previous infections or vaccinations.
What is the most common type of immunoglobulin?
IgG.
What does IgM do?
Acts as the signaler for cytotoxic functions. This is the first to be produced after exposure or immunization.
What does IgA do? Where can this be found?
Protects against infection. Saliva, tears, secretions, GI/GU tract, breast milk.