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Psychology > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

process of being aware of the world around
ex: you touch it, see it, smell it

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2
Q

Perception

A

Process of organization and interpreting sensations
ex: your brain figures out it is an orange (based on your sensations)

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3
Q

T or F: Perception and Sensation need to work together

A

True

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4
Q

What does the Nervous system do?

A

sorts through all of the incoming info using bottom-up processing

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5
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

analyzes the raw stimuli entering through your many sensory systems

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6
Q

Top-down processing

A

uses our experiences and expectations to interpret and incoming Sensations
ex: Because you’ve had an orange before, you already know what it will taste like
-perception is influenced by this

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7
Q

Threshold

A

an edge or boundary

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8
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the least amount of stimulation needed to detect something
ex: a star you can barely see

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9
Q

Difference threshold

A

the minimal difference to detect that two stimuli are not the same

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10
Q

Signal detection theory

A

how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimus (signal) among background stimulation (noise or clutter)

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11
Q

What is used to understand how we detect faint stimuli

A

Mathematical formulas

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12
Q

What 3 things does signal detections depend on

A
  1. stimulus
  2. Environment
  3. Person doing the detecting
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13
Q

Cold war example (1950s and 1960s)

A

We needed to improve our ability to detect incoming nuclear warheads in time to respond appropriately
- “hits” and “misses”
-“false alarms” where a missile would be mistaken as a plane or flock of birds

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14
Q

Stimulus variables

A

How bright is the blip on the radar screen

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15
Q

Environmental variables

A

How much distracting noise is in the room

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16
Q

Organismic variables

A

Is the operator properly trained and motivated

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17
Q

What must Living organisms constantly do

A

Adapt to meet the demands of our environment
-we pay more attention to new stimuli

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18
Q

If nothing in your visual field has changed then you’re probably okay but…

A

If you sense a movement off to the side, you better pay attention it might be something dangerous

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19
Q

Selective attention

A

It lets you just concentrate on small number of stimuli to function in a busy, noisy world

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20
Q

Light enters our eyes as…

A

waves of electromagnetic energy

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21
Q

Visible Spectrum produces…

A

light and color

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22
Q

The length of the wave determines…
(sight)

A

color (hue)

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23
Q

The amplitude (height) of the wave determines…
(sight)

A

Brightness

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24
Q

Corena (light hits here first)

A

Clear, curved bulge on the front of the eye that bends light to begin focus

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25
Q

Iris

A

A ring of colored muscle tissue that regulates the size of the pupil and it’s an adjustable black opening that controls the amount of light allowed in
-the iris and pupil work together to let in light

26
Q

Lens

A

Transparent, behind the pupil, change of shape to focus images on the retina

27
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive surface at the back of the eyeball that changes light into nerve impulses which is interpreted by the brain

28
Q

Rods

A

only detects black, white, and shades of gray

29
Q

Cones

A

detects sharp detail and color
-color is only visible when there is enough light
-hits the optical nerve

30
Q

Optical nerve

A

Carries info from the eyes to the occipital lobes were visual processing happens

31
Q

How many colors can our eyes detect

A

7 million hues of color done by the cones

32
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

3 wavelengths: red, green, and blue
-combine to make millions of color

33
Q

What cones do “color blind” people like

A

red or green cones

34
Q

Subtractive process

A

Each paint pigment subtracts (absorbs or soaks ups) different wavelengths of light

35
Q

What color do you get when you mix red, blue, and yellow together

A

black

36
Q

What color do you get when you mix red, green, and blue lights together

A

white

37
Q

Sound comes in waves produced by…

A

vibrations
-in pulses of air molecules
-Travels at 750 mph

38
Q

The length of wave (frequency) determines the…

A

Pitch
-expressed in hertz (Hz)

39
Q

True or False: Normal human hearing can hear as low as 20 Hz or as high as 20,000 Hertz

A

True

40
Q

The height (amplitude) of the waves determines…

A

loudness
-measured in decibels
- absolute threshold is 0
-anything over 85 dB is not good

41
Q

Eardrum

A

Thin piece of tissue that seals the inner working at the ear from dirt and Q-tips

42
Q

Ossicles

A

Three tiny bones of the inner ear
-Hammer
-Anvil
-Stirrup

43
Q

Cochlea

A

The fluid-filled, shaped bony tube were sound waves are changed to neural impulses

44
Q

Oval window

A

Vibrates the cochlea’s fluid
-stimulates thousands of hair cells
-when moved to fraction they create a neural impulses that your brain can process

45
Q

Auditory nerve

A

Carries the sound to the temporal lobes where auditory processing happens

46
Q

What 2 senses are chemical senses

A

Smell and taste

47
Q

Receptor cells on the tongue can detect 5 tastes (list them)

A
  1. salty
  2. sweet
  3. sour
  4. bitter
    5.umami
48
Q

How can the receptors be damaged

A

heat and cigarettes

49
Q

True or False: Taste cells can replace themselves within a few days

A

true

50
Q

True or False: we all have the same sensitivity to taste

A

False
-everyone is different

51
Q

Supertaster

A

More intense taste than the rest of the population
-Especially bitter
-They probably were the poison detectors in ancient
civilizations – if they avoided a food, others probably
did too
-Less likely to depend on alcohol
-¼ of population

52
Q

Nontasters

A

Can taste but with
much less intensity
-Have a better chance to survive in a famine
-¼ of population
-rest of the population are medium tasters

53
Q

Taste and smell interact to produce…

A

flavor
-appearance, texture, and temp. also goes along with flavor

54
Q

Touch is…

A

your physical connection with the outside world

55
Q

Our skin has receptors cells all over (list the basic senses)

A
  1. Pain
  2. Warmth
  3. Cold
  4. Pressure
56
Q

An itch comes from…

A

gentle stimulation of pain receptors

57
Q

Hot comes from…

A

simultaneous stimulation of
warm and cold

58
Q

Wetness comes from…

A

simultaneous
stimulation of cold and pressure

59
Q

Gate-control theory

A

Pain messages travel on nerve fibers in the spinal cord
-“pain gates” are open when we have pain
-Ice and heat can close them

60
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

a system that senses position and movement of body parts
-Relies on receptor cells in muscles and joints
Ex- when you have held your leg in the same position for a
long time it “falls asleep”

61
Q

Vestibular sense (think of a ballerina)

A

a system for sensing body orientation and balance
-Relies on the fluid filled canals
on top of the cochlea in the
inner ear

Psychology (6 decks)

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