Module 6 Flashcards
New York, 1911
George Bellows
Urban realists with Henri, modernist artists challenged conventions of visual representation and condemned the materialism of the industrialized world.
This, New York teams with people packed into tenements on the lower east side.
Laughing Child, 1907
Ashcan
Robert Henri
Henri is the center of Ashcan School.
He paints portraits of New York immigrant population, this is an example.
Spring Night, Harlem River, 1913
Ashcan
Ernest Lawson - urban impressionist
paints bridges
This, Washington Bridge in Washington Heights
Strong verticals, diagonals, spatial depth, and order. A scene from below, at night
Felt is the Impact of span
Natural and manmade forms combined.
Central Park, 1901
Ashcan
Maurice Prendergast - urban impressionist
delighted in New York’s green spaces
Unicorns, 1906
Ashcan
Arthur B. Davies - urban impressionist
visionary scenes and imaginary creatures
Armory show organizer
Orchestra Pit, Old Proctor’s Fifth Avenue Theatre, 1906
Everett Shinn
(Ashcan)
(Macbeth Exhibition)
Theatre is his signature theme. Shinn is heavily involved in popular entertainment and theatre creative. This, a vaudeville house, operated by Proctor who owned a chain of them, then Keith and Proctor. David Belloskow commissioned him for theatre murals.
Chez Mouquin (At Mouquin’s), 1905 (Ashcan)
William Glackens - urban impressionist
This work went to the 1908 Macbeth Exhibition
Inspired by life around Washington Square.
Glitter, fashion, the spectacle of urban nightlife.
It’s isolation
Inspired by Manet. Velasquez
The Shoppers, 1907
(Ashcan)
(Macbeth Exhibition)
William Glackens - urban impressionist
He studies in Europe. Studied Manet and Velasquez. They inspire this dark color pallet. Degas could have inspired subject matter.
This work went to the 1908 Macbeth Exhibition
The ritual of consumerism
Middle-class life
This is Glacken’s wife and Shinn’s wife.
Female consumerism, expanding role of department stores in life of the leisured.
Hester Street, 1905
(Ashcan)
(Macbeth Exhibition)
George Luks - urban impressionist
This work went to the 1908 Macbeth Exhibition
Luks loves streetlife of the lower east side
Sympathetic view of lower-class urban life
Lower east side was subject of magazine illustrations as well.
The Spielers, 1905
Ashcan
George Luks - urban impressionist
Portrays positive spin, camaraderie, of immigrant city life here
Joy, beauty in life of poor instead of tragedy.
Spieling is a popular type of dancing with german lower-class immigrants.
This contrasts with the photos of Jacob Riis, who produced photos, and the book How the Other Half Lives.
Changes in America
Steady pace of social, scientific, and technological changes. Automobile, Airplanes, and Einstien’s theory of relativity. Once agrarian now industrialized. Immigration boosts the population. Cities are important.
Founded by Robert Henri, this represented contemporary life often ignored by the national academy of design and academic painting.
Ashcan School
Ashcan School
Group of urban realists founded by Robert Henri. Also known as “The 8” from McBeth Gallery.
Members: Henri, William Glackens, George Luks, Everett Shin, Don Sloan. Lawson, Davies, Prendergast.
Favors real over ideal First artists to address dynamic changes in America, urban life, lower classes. Narrative and realist style Lower class in urban life Engaged New York City as subject matter.
Changes in America
Steady pace of social, scientific, and technological changes. Automobile, Airplanes, and Einstien’s theory of relativity. Once agrarian now industrialized. Immigration boosts the population. Cities are important.
Immigration, Mass Media, Shifting Gender Roles, public display of wealth. These themes were popular with the Ashcan School.
Founded by Robert Henri, this group represented contemporary life often ignored by the national academy of design and academic painting. Before WW1, they focused on New York City as a subject.
Ashcan School
He studied in Philadelphia, Paris, and moved to New York City in 1900.
He was inspired by realist painters: Manet (FR), Hals (Dutch), Valasquez & Degoya (ES), the spectacle of common life, ordinary people.
Robert Henri
Ashcan School
Group of urban realists founded by Robert Henri. Also known as “The 8”.
Associated Names: George Bellows, William Glackens, George Luks, Everett Shin, Don Sloan. Lawson, Davies, Prendergast.
Favors real over ideal First artists to address dynamic changes in America, urban life, lower classes. Narrative and realist style Engaged New York City as subject matter. Manliness portrayed
He studied in Philadelphia, Paris, and moved to New York City in 1900. He was inspired by realist painters: Manet (FR), Hals (Dutch), Valasquez & Degoya (ES), the spectacle of common life and ordinary people. His mantra, be a man first and an artist second.
Robert Henri
This exhibition was sponsored by members of the Ashcan School that Henri called The 8.
Name the exhibition, where it was held and what year.
Macbeth Gallery Exhibition, New York, 1908
This group of artists had in a common a desire to rebel against the conservative art establishment and made up members of the Ashcan School: Henri, Sloan, Glackens, Luks, Shinn, Lawson, Davies, Predergast.
They had a range of styles and subjects and also worked in commercial artwork magazines and newspapers as skilled illustrators.
The Eight
Both Members of This Club, 1909
Ashcan
George Bellows (1882-1925) - urban impressionist
The ideology of manliness of the Ashcan School is shown here.
Boxing scene. Two male boxers, demonic male viewers
Illudes to the legal status of boxing which is in flux, race relations, rise of the black boxer (Jack Johnson, Thommy Burns. etc. ), and the bloodlust of fans.
In the Elevated, 1916
Theresa Bernstein
Painted the urban spectacle, but were not part of The Eight. Cause … sexism.
Studio near time square and Byrant Park studied a broad range of New Yorkers.
Hester Street, Egg Stand Group, 1895
photograph
Alice Austen - she’s the one with the Stanton island home that a museum!
Staton Island
Camera records family and friends near home
Lower east side immigrant life
Same street that was an inspiration for George Luks.
Portrait of Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, 1916
Robert Henri
Lounging in pants, she could not hang this in her house so it went into her studio.
She is an American artist and sculptor who gives critical support to artists during this period. Unlike Gardner, Fricke, and JP Morgan who collected old European masters, she collected contemporary American art and with her collection founded the Whitney Museum of Art.
Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney
Pennsylvania Station, New York, 1906-10
Designed by the architecture firm of McKim, Mead, and White
Now demolished, but was one of the largest building projects of two city blocks. 8 acres. Designed in Beaux-Arts style. Faces modeled after the Orman Baths of Caracalla.
Inspired artists: Abbott and Bellows.
Pennsylvania Station Interior, 1936
photograph
Berenice Abbott
Part of a series of photos of this Station.
Subject: Station Interior.
Pennsylvania Station Excavation, c. 1907-1908
George Bellows - urban realist also painted New York.
This painting is of the excavation project for the station. It transformed the landscape. Contemporary urban reality as subject matter.
Emotion charge of muscular realist style.
Chimney’s spill soot.
He’s interested in the put where fire burns and workers lose their lives.
Ludlow Massacre, cover of The Masses, June 1914
Ashcan
John Sloan - urban realist
Socialism and art, graphic artist.
Examples of a political illustration he did for the Socialist journal, The Masses.
Ludlow Massacre in Colorado, violent struggle between workers and corporate capitalist. Minors, asking for more pay and better working conditions. Social and political injustice.
A Woman’s Work, 1912
Ashcan
John Sloan - urban realist
Although Dolly, Sloans wife worked to help Female Mill workers, Sloan chose this for his subject matter.
These two ashcan school artists contributed political illustrations to the socialist journal, The Masses.
Bellows and Sloan.
Shifts after WWI
Ashcan members go their own ways, out of NYC, to France or to Hollywood.
Illustrations are being replaced by photographs.
The reform mentality of progressive error is replaced with that of the roaring 20’s capitalism.
Lower-class life is no longer at the forefront of popular discussion, and the mood is celebratory after the winning of the war.
Girls Dancing, 1907
sculpture
Abastenia St. Leger Eberle
She sculps everyday life, in parallel with Ashcan.
This, George Luks’ The Spielers only in a sculpture. She believes that artists have a social mission to reveal the world around them.
Follower of social reformer Jane Adams
Lived in the lower east side but from the midwest.
White Slave, 1913
Where was this image published? In what year?
Where was this piece shown?
Abastenia St. Leger Eberle
Image - Published in The Survey, 3 May 1913.
sculpture
She sculps everyday life. Shown at the Armory Show, 1913 White girls were sold into slavery. Condemned for its realism. 1915 organized an exposition for women artists. Women's rights. Raised money for the suffrage movement.
The sculptural equivalent to Ashcan School, she is a genre sculptor who focuses on people of the lower class for her subject matter. She could break easily with established tradition because of her little means. Labor, urban life, popular entertainment. Small-scale bronzes focus on street urchins or women’s domestic or maternal duties.
Abastenia St. Leger Eberle
Man With Pick, 1915, height 28 ½”
sculpture
Mahonri Young
Brigham Young’s son.
The portrayal of unskilled labor
This shows the strength of the male body and the hard work in which is was put.
Tradition, 1916
Kenyon Cox
Represents the renaissance aesthetic of the academy.
Portrait of Alfred Stieglitz, 1902
Gertrude Käsebier - a member of 291
Rodin with his Sculptures, Victor Hugo and The Thinker, 1902
Edward Steichen - a member of 291
Was once a painter.
Studied in Europe and introduced Stieglitz to works of modernist Europeans like Rodin.
This, an example of pictorialism
The Steerage, 1907
Alfred Stieglitz
As a photographer, he moved away from pictorialism into what is known as “straight” or unedited photos. Immigrants. This is an example of his early work in this style.
Both these movements challenge the renaissance aesthetic
Ashcan - won on the subject matter
Modernists - won on style
Leader of the modernist movement, founder of The Photo-Secession and 291, his 5th avenue gallery. His goal is to have photography be accepted as fine art equal to sculptor and painting. We know him. We love him. He’s married to Georgia O’Keeffe. He believed there was a gap between fine art and culture, and he was not interested in closing that gap, but in developing fine art and artists in isolation.
Alfred Stieglitz
Alfred Stieglitz ran this photography journal from 1903-1917.
Camera Work
291 (The Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession)
Gathering place for early American modernists.
Closed in 1917
Showed photography but also started showing modern artists from Europe: Rodan, Picasso & Matisse - this was their first show in America.
And American modern artists: Max Weber, hartley, Arther Doug,
A style that replicates the effects of painting in photographs with soft focus or manipulation of the negative.
Name two photographers to use this style.
Pictorialism
Gertrude Käsebier
Edward Steichen
Rush Hour, New York, 1915 (Text: 355)
Max Weber, modernist
Shown at 291, studied in Paris.
This, the agitated movement of DT New York City, Vague reference to architectural structures
Cubist and (Italian) futurist influences
Influenced by his teachers Matisse and Jean-Paul Laurens.
Synchromy in Orange: To Form, 1913-14
Morgan Russell, modernist, synchronism.
Lived in Paris
Synchronism
Color theory and pure abstraction
Interior View of the International Exhibition of Modern Art, 69th Regiment Armory, New York, 1913
Walter Pach
This, the 1913 New York City Armory Show.
European Moderns.
First large introduction of modernist art to America.
Convey’s scale. Vast space of the armory.
An early 20th-century movement that promoted photography as a fine art in general and photographic pictorialism in particular.
Photo-Secession
Founded by Alfred Stieglitz
This was an art movement founded in 1912 by American artists Stanton Macdonald-Wright and Morgan Russell. Their abstracts based on an approach to painting that analogized color to music, were among the first abstract paintings in American art.
Synchromism
This is the first large introduction of modernist art to America and featured many European moderns. Arthur B. Davies (ashcan) central role in organizing
Armory Show, 1913
New York City.
Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, 1912
Marcel Duchamp
Outrageous, where’s the nude?
Placed on the event menu
Parodied,
John Sloan did a satirical illustration of it. Cubist pictures.
The Pageant of the Patterson Strike, 1913
program cover
Robert Edmond Jones - program cover.
IWW - International Workers of the World.
An iconic event, the same year as the Armory Show in Madison Square Gardens. Radical politics, feminism, multi-ethnic, Greenwich village intelligencia. Staged by John Reed, this performance was meant to bring workers’ demands to the world stage as suggested by Mabel Dodge Luhan to Bill Haywood. Factory town mural painted by John Sloan. 4th wall dissolved.
The Pageant of the Patterson Strike, 1913
I Want You for The Navy, 1917
Howard Chandler Christy
Propaganda Prints.
US entered the war in 1917.
This, the portrayal of enemy as a monster and played on sexual anxieties.
Example of selling the war through posters.
Public images: thank you color process printers, mobile mass populations, political competitions, emerging with industrialized nation-states, sell patriotism as well as products, and attacks enemy.
Simple is effective.
Gee! I Wish I Were a Man: I’d Join the Navy, Naval Reserve, or Coat Guard, 1917
Howard Chandler Christy
Propaganda Prints.
This, series of war recruitment posters
Mixing of the thrill of war with terror of carnage and sex
Enlist: On Which Side of the Window Are You? 1917
Laura Brey
Lady artist when most propaganda prints were by men. Played on male anxieties, of being effeminate for not signing up.
Fountain, 1917 (Text: 348). Photograph by Alfred Stieglitz
Marcel Duchamp
The same guy who did nude descending a stairway. This time with a men’s urinal.
Rejected. It’s ready-made.
Famous.
Appropriating plumbing
Marcel Duchamp as Rrose Sélavy, 1920-22
Man Ray
Rise of the homosexual male body, a rethinking of the representations of the body in art. Blurring accepted lines between male and female.
Duchamp here portrays a woman.
Turkish Baths with Self-Portrait, 1916
Charles Demuth
Challenges stereotypes of masculinity as held by heterosexual artists. Demuth’s subjects are often acrobats, vaudeville scenes, nightclubs, sailors, bathhouses all seen as homosexual. The explicit portrayal of homosexuality.
This describes a work of art without an artist to make it.
Ready-made.
Coined by Marcel Duchamp.
Portrait of a German Officer, 1914
Marsden Hartley,
Homosexual artist, from Maine.
Lived in Berlin. Male oriented. Cult of Male Beauty. The portrayal of Carl von Fryburg, whom Hartley had fallen in love. Military symbols, hiding erotic content.
Adelard the Drowned, Master of the “Phantom,” c. 1938-39
Marsden Hartley,
An explicit portrayal of male love. One of two men who drowned in a Maine fishing community. The red background represents emotion Open shirt, desire Flower in hair, mourning
Self-Portrait, 1923
Romaine Brooks
Female body Wealthy expatriate in Paris Depiction of the lesbian community Natalie Barney love Devoted to production of art Here, she wears masculine attire, female liberation, new woman. Crossdressing. Her wealth allowed her to live her life more freely. Background, bad childhood.
Georgia O’Keeffe: A Portrait Head, 1918
Alfred Stiegitz
Adroginist public appearance seen here
Black and white clothing her trademark
Red Canna, 1925-28
Georgia O’Keeffe
At last a woman on paper
Eritocised, conceptions of body
The Cleft in the Rock, 1905
Anne Brigman (california)
Only western US artist to be featured prominently at 291
Nude in nature, personal liberation, and spiritual renewal.
The cleft in rock - signature.
Monolith: the Face of Half Dome, Yosemite National Park, 1927
Ansel Adams
Group f.64
Magnolia Blossom, 1925
Imogen Cunningham
O’Keeffe in a photograph.
Group f.64
Focused on the transformative and sensual power of the natural world.
Hammer and Sickle, 1927
Tina Modotti
Modotti saw herself as a documentary photographer. Art in service of revolution. She knew Diego Rivera. Model and student, lover of Edward Westin. Activist, communist. Reveals her revolutionary interests.
Cowboy Fun, 1908
Buffalo Bill
Imaging the American Southwest.
Horses key element, seen here.
This exposition commercialized the west. Tour to Europe in French exposition. Indians. Cowboys, musicians. Pretty women, Mexicans vaqueros. Broader horse culture. Annie Oakley. Calamity Jane. His focus was on the west. mustangs, Eskimo dogs, buffalos, horses. Featured horse culture: Vaqueros, Gauchos, Indians, Military, Arabs, and Mongols.
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show
Founded in 1883
This formed the first corporate art collection in America in collaboration with Fred Harvey company (hotelier) between Chicago and Los Angeles, marketing the Southwest. Featuring Arizona and New Mexico in artworks at their headquarters and in national advertising campaigns.
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Railway
This is west coast group of photographers. Named after the smallest aperture setting on a camera, producing the greatest depth of field. Foreground and background in focus. Drawn from nature. For example, Ansel Adams Monolith.
Group f.64
Westin, Adams, Cunningham among others.
Why did artists go to Mexico?
Art, traveling to Mexico. Interested in its climate, inexpensive cost of living, ancient culture, unspoiled landscapes. Alternative to Europe.
Most major artists who painted in the southwest have their works acquired by them, many woman. Themes of Technology, Nature, National Belonging. Thomas Moran’s Grand Canyon was the first piece in the collection which was reproduced and sold.
the Santa Fe Railway.
Taos Girls, 1916
Walter Ufer
Part of the Santa Fe collection.
Turkey Hunters, 1916
Irving Couse
Native american’s popular subject for the Santa Fe collection.
This, part of Santa Fe’s annual calendar which mostly showed Native Americans.
Romantic view of pre-industrial culture, which met with tourist expectations.
Indian Detour, 1927
John Sloan
Makes fun of Fred Harvey’s Indian Detour busses, of the number of tour buses that come to watch pueblo dancers. Flappers dance to music. Tourists liked the pueblo architecture and costumed ceremonies.
Indian Building, Albuquerque, NM, 1902
main room
Mary Jane Colter
This is in the Hotel Alvarado.
Great merchandising of native baskets and pottery meant people could see how these items would look in their homes.
Midsummer Night in Harlem, 1936
Harlem Renaissance
Palmer Hayden
Lived in Paris
Recorded daily lives of AA
Style informed by folk art, seen here
Couple in Raccoon Coats, 1932
James VanDerZee
Middle-class AA
VanDerZee operated a portrait studio in Harlem
Destination for AA leaving south, and culturally adventurous white folk looking for entertainment
Harlem Renaissance
The imaging of African American Life.
Art as a liberating force. New black networks and institutions of the 20th C. Generation of educated black men and women gave rise to this movement in the 1920s and 1930s. Litterature, art and music, not always living in Harlem but it became a center for the fights against racism and violence.
Portrait of Langston Hughes, c.1925
Winold Reiss
German immigrant
He painted many scenes of Harlem.
Here, Hughes, poet - jazz poetry
Background is an art deco motif, modern folk art, and reflects Reiss’s graphic art background
Harriet Tubman, 1931
Aaron Douglas
Douglas arrives in Harlem in 1924
Celebrates the abolitionist woman for the underground railroad
Aspiration, 1936
Aaron Douglas
Entry for 1936 Texas Centennial Exposition
Expo’s Themes: Pride, Progress and Economic Development
Here, a vision for future achievement of AA people.
The Awakening of Ethiopia, c. 1914
Meta Warrick Fuller
Looking to Africa for inspiration
She studied with Rodin
Fetiche et Fleurs, 1926
Palmer Hayden
In Paris, African subject matter.
Harmon Foundation recipient
References modern Paris and New York and Africa. African art was popular this time, Picasso, Stieglitz.
Les Fétiches, 1938
Lois Mailou Jones
Women of the Harlem Renaissance. African Inspired painting She is a Harmon Foundation recipient Fellowship in Paris the color of her skin did not matter in Paris She taught at Howard University
Saturday Night Street Scene, 1936
Archibald J. Motley, Jr.
Set in Chicago, lively night life
Jockey Club, 1929
Archibald J. Motley, Jr.
Also spent time in Paris
This, American owned a nightclub in Paris.
He had a fascination with Urban Night night life James VanDerZee.
She was an architect for the Fred Harvey Company who designed hotels throughout the southwest including the grand canyon south’s rim.
Mary Jane Colter
She was an architect for the Fred Harvey Company who designed hotels throughout the southwest including the grand canyon south’s rim. The first building designed at Grand Canyon was the Hopi House. Native craftspeople in residence here like
Nampeyo.
Mary Jane Colter
Photo of Nampeyo at Hopi House
Edward S Curtis.
This philosopher urged black artists to make art as a liberating force for African-Americans and their contributions to modernist art.
Alan Locke
His first book of poetry - The Weary Blues - was published in 1926 which included the poem, The Negro Speaks of Rivers
Langston Huges
He did illustrations for Langston Hughes
Aaron Douglas
His illustrations were used in some of Langston Hughes’s poetry books.
Aaron Douglas
This was founded in 1922 and provided scholarships to AA artists and writers.
The Harmon Foundation
