Module 1

Question 1

France Bringing the Faith to the Indians of New France, c. 1675

Answer 1

Attributed to Frère Luc (Claude François)
Musée des Ursulines, Quebec (Text: 53)

Fur trading was central with fewer permanent establishments. With it came religion. 1608 French colony of Quebec. Native wearing a patterned Fleur de Lys, trinity painting represents religion, the allegorical figure of France on the right. Desired rather than a true representation. Native peoples are not passively receptive. Conflict.

Question 2

Embarkation of the Pilgrims

Answer 2

Robert Walter Weir
1843
United States Capitol Rotunda

National identity billboards. Meaning before historical truth. The scene, aboard Speedwell ship. before leaving Holland. Plymouth colony bound. These peeps joined The Mayflower. God with us in the sail.
William Burster - with bible
Govn, Carver - kneeling aside
Paster Jonn Robinson - head to heavens
with passengers of the ship. Armor represents the tools they will use in the new land.
City and people they leave seen to the right.
Rainbow of hope.

Question 3

America, 1753

Answer 3

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Residenz, Wurzburg, Germany, ceiling fresco, staircase.

Allegories of the 4 known parts of the world: Europe, Asia, Africa, America.
See detail for America. She is the uncivilized world, wild creatures - those with bow and arrow + riding crocodiles. Horn of plenty means riches and fertility. Important for the Europeans.

Question 4

René de Laudonnière and the Indian Chief Athore visit Ribaut’s Column

Answer 4

Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues
c. 1570

Protestants in America
Virginia. Theodore De Bruis. Anthology. Euro Explorations. First narratives. Establishes notions of what people are like. Biased.
North, Catholics. Protestants move to the mouth of St. Johns river in Florida. Column, Frances claim. Abandoned after religious wars in France. Fort established, De Morgues brought for mapping. Serviving is this piece. Fruits and Veg are not native, chief stands like green and Roman statues. Acceptance of France portrayed, worship of the column.

Question 5

The Village of Secoton

Answer 5

John White

c. 1585

Question 6

Indians Dancing,

Answer 6

John White
c. 1585

Represents a corn harvest celebration.
Carved heads of statues reflect deities
Looks at the physical features decorating the native bodies and the ceremony around a circle with three women embracing in the middle.

Question 7

The manner of their attire and painting themselves

Answer 7

John White
c. 1585

Painted body, feathers, pearls, bow and quiver, deerskin apron.

Question 8

Theire Sitting at meate

Answer 8

John White
c. 1585

Theodore de Bris engraving of White’s watercolor. Tom Heriot’s book. Meat in the middle. Sober in eating. Long-lived.

Question 9

The Manner of Their Fishing

Answer 9

John White
c. 1585

Studies, three fishing methods by natives. Various fish species.

Question 10

Designed by native and convict labor this building was meant to guard against the British. Fortification against the new cannon. What was it, what European country built it and where was it built?

Answer 10

Castillo de San Marcos, St. Augustine, FL
1672-87

The northern territory of New Spain. First European to establish a permanent foothold. Central Mexico. 1520’s. Conversion to Christianity. Mission churches in AZ, CA, FL, NM.

Question 11

This Franciscan mission church is located on a rugged bluff. Minimal. Post and lintel construction. Fortress-like, the design portrays the distrust between the Spanish and the pueblo people.

Answer 11

San Estevan, Acoma Pueblo, NM, 1629-42
Franciscan.

Combined traditions on Pueblo and Euros.
New World materials: construction techniques. Adobe
European design: large naves, exterior towers

Question 12

This is the first religious structure in NM after the return of the Spanish. Rugged construction, bell screen on the facade. Built by the Franciscans

Answer 12

San José, Old Laguna Pueblo, NM, 1699-1706, 1881
Franciscans
This is a black and white image.

Question 13

At Old Laguna Pueblo, here the decoration combines traditions on Pueblo and Euros, especially on the wall.

Answer 13

San José, Old Laguna Pueblo, NM, 1699-1706, Nave, c. 1760-1846

Question 14

At Old Laguna Pueblo, this more elaborate area around the altar with imagery dedicated to arc angel St. Michael.

Answer 14

San José, Old Laguna Pueblo, NM, 1699-1706, Anonymous, known as the Laguna Santero, retablo, c. 1760-1846

Question 15

this is an example Churrigueresque of a more intricately designed mission with classical decoration that employed architects and artisans skilled in stone contruction. Features Spanish baroque facade, expressive details in the center, and a style named after a Madrid architect influential in New Spain. The high altar is intricate. We begin to see missions and moneymakers.

Answer 15

San Xavier del Bac, near Tucson, AZ, Exterior, 1783-97

Churrigueresque

Seen in Texas, AZ, and California:

Question 16

This conjectural view of Jamestown suggests the layout and siting of the town, giving a sense of the scale of the buildings, and the daily life of the town.

Answer 16

First permanent English settlement. Surrounded by a fort. Not much remains. Settled by single men.

Question 17

This view of Plymouth gives a sense of the original plantation, its buildings protected by a fort, like Jamestown.

Answer 17

Established by Pilgrims from England’s Mayflower. Shaped like a fortress. Massachusetts Bay company / medieval towns. Settled by family units, intellectuals, and ministers, merchants, planters.

Question 18

Between 1957 and 1976, it reconstructed as Plimouth Plantation. Here is a general view.

Answer 18

Real-life photos, site as it is today.

Question 19

Typically, houses were wood, with a shingled roof and clapboard siding.

Answer 19

Plymouth representation. Slide of a single dwelling.

Question 20

The First Thanksgiving at Plimouth, 1621

Answer 20

Jennie Brownscombe
c. 1914

Harvest Meal from 1691. Romantic image, colonial revival. English settlers.

Question 21

This is an example of an early structure in protestant New England: timber/post and beam construction, post with horizontal planks on the exterior. What is the building and where is it located?

Answer 21

Parson Capen House, Exterior: general view Topsfield, MA, 1683

2.5 stories. simple finials. built-in the public open space shows power of the clergy. made by carpenter craftsman.

Question 22

Describe the Parson Capen House, Interior: great room, Topsfield, MA, 1683

Answer 22

Main floor, 1 or 2 large rooms and had multiple functions. Imported or local furnishings. The upper floor had the great room and was for family life.

Question 23

John Freake

Answer 23

Anonymous
c. 1671 and 1674

English portraiture, the most popular style of painting and marked status. Sober portrayal. He was a merchant and lawyer. Portraiture was in the style of Elizabethan and Jacobean tradition. Seen here. linear 2D shallow space and attention to detail. naturalistic modeling of the face from the dutch conventions.

Question 24

Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary

Answer 24

Anonymous,
c. 1671 and 1674

English portraiture, more sober portrayal. style of draping as well as the modeling of the face is in the dutch convention. Colorful clothing.

Question 25

A good example of a medieval parish church translated from England to America. This church is made of brick so survived the years. What is it and where is it built?

Answer 25

St. Luke’s, Isle of Wight County, Exterior, Virginia, 1632
Built by the English.

Southern aristocratic ideals.

Question 26

Henry Darnell, c. 1710

Answer 26

Justus Englehardt Kühn

Example of aristocratic ideals of the South plantation lifestyle. Henry Darnell holds a bow and arrow. A slave man to his right holds a dead bird.

Question 27

Eleanor Darnell, c. 1710

Answer 27

Justus Englehardt Kühn

Henry’s sister. Southern aristocracy. Shown with the dog. Artist attempts to bring the newest style to America. Stiffer with less talent.

Question 28

Colonel Samuel Prioleau

Answer 28

Henrietta Johnston
1715

1st professional female artist in America. Charleston. Portraiture. Clergy members. He was a merchant planter and silversmith. Pastel is more lively than seen with the Freake’s.

Question 29

Mrs. Samuel Prioleau

Answer 29

Henrietta Johnston
1715

Pastel. Convey class and status. fashionable dressed. But shows the artist’s lack of skill in anatomy.

Question 30

This painting shows an example of dutch influence in architecture. You can see brick row houses and stepped gables which are dutch characteristics. Reminiscent of Johann Vermeer’s View of Delph.

Answer 30

View of the waterfront of New Amsterdam, showing the Stadt Huys of 1641-42

Stadt Huys was a 3 block site of city hall in New Amsterdam.

Question 31

The Death of General Wolfe (English general)

Answer 31

Benjamin West
1770
English

Contemporary history of the French and Indian War was captured in this battle scene. In a tradition of religious paintings, triangular composition/christ like scene. Iroquois man in classic roman-like posture. Artistic liberties taken based on who paid him to be included. *produced in England.

Question 32

Penn’s Treaty with the Indians When He Founded the Province of Pennsylvania in North America

Answer 32

Benjamin West
1771-72
English

Represents power struggled between euro-settled and native populations as well as euro populations at odds with one another. Colonial allegory, not an actual occurrence. Enlightened white man, savage native Americans. *Produced in England.

Question 33

Relating to the lavishly ornamented late Spanish baroque style. Highly expressive. Named after architect and artist in Madrid and influential in New Spain.

Answer 33

Churrigueresque

Example - San Xavier del Bac, near Tucson, AZ, Exterior, 1783-97

Question 34

Popular medium in the 17c. Medium of Henrietta Johnston.

Answer 34

Pastel

Question 35

He was sponsored by Sir Walter Raleigh to record. things unknown in England. He used watercolor. Subjects, Algonkian culture, and people, flora, and fauna. Traveled through Virginia and Coastal North Carolina. Art is now in the British Museum in London. Theodor De Bry made engravings of his watercolors.

Answer 35

John White.

Question 36

Spanish Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians. Monasteries established. The goal was to control native peoples because for economic ambitions. Gold Silver. Converts and labor. They were also offended by native peoples’ practices and sexual imagery.

Answer 36

The Christianisation of the Pueblos.

Question 37

After Spain leaves the game, who are the people colonizing North America?

Answer 37

British, French and Dutch

Question 38

Art and Architecture of the British and Dutch colonies.
17 c. new England.
The relationship between protestants and art in New England differs from that of Catholics in New Spain and New France. What are the differences?

Answer 38

Protestants: Literary storytelling. No elaborate altarpieces and religious decoration.
Catholics: Visual storytelling. Elaborate decoration.

Question 39

Their towns were organized in the model of the New Jerusalem: grided plants, meeting houses. places of worship and clergy homes on prominent sites.

Answer 39

the Protestants who colonized New England.

Question 40

Describe the south a bit in contrast to New England.

Answer 40

Southern aristocratic ideals. More Royalist to crown and church of England. Plantation lifestyle, social and political, slave labor.

Question 41

This artist painted many allegorical and historical paintings of American settlements. Produced in England. He was president at the British Royal academy. He Encouraged many American artists like John Singleton Copley. He taught artists like Charles Wilson Peale, Gilbert Stewart, John Trumbull, and Samiel FB Morse.

Answer 41

Benjamin West.