Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PATHOLOGY 120 > Module 5.1 (Antibiotic Resistance) > Flashcards

Module 5.1 (Antibiotic Resistance) Flashcards

1
Q

What are infectious agents/microbes?

A

Organisms capable of causing infectious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 classes of microbes?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give an overview of bacteria

A

Microscopic unicellular organisms
Prokaryotes with genetic info carried by double stranded circular DNA
Have cell walls outside membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give an overview of viruses

A

Must invade host cell and rely on host machinery
RNA or DNA based genomes
Encapsulated by protein coat
Some specificity in viral proteins and host cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give an overview of fungi

A

Uni or multi cellular
Thick walls made of complex carb structures
Cause superficial infections or invade tissue/organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give an overview of parasites

A

Eukaryotes that cause disease to host
May include single-celled protozoa, worms, insects
Ectoparasites may serve as vector for disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the microbiome normal flora

A

Collection of microbes that live symbiotically in/on human
Found on skin and mucous membranes
Crucial in human health to balance and help body perform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the innate immune response

A

Instant, non-specific, 1st line of defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the different aspects of innate immunity

A

Physical barrier: skin, mucous membrane
Chemical barrier: enzymes in saliva and tears
Immune cells: cause infection and engulf pathogen to prevent infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe adaptive immunity

A

Takes several days to activate after 1st contact
Specific response
System constantly searching for antigen - once recognized strong response triggered with pus, swelling, redness, pain
Once infection cleared - system commits antigen to memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain how pathogens cause infectious disease

A

ENTRY
INVASION/COLONIZATION - pathogen attaches itself to human cells
EVASION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE - each pathogen has different Invasion tactics
INFECTION - pathogen must reproduce or replicate spreading to other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 conditions for establishing infectious disease?

A

Reservoir
Mode of transmission
Opportunistic conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain how reservoir establishes infectious disease

A

Sites where infectious pathogens can live for a long period of time
Can be biological or environmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain how modes of transportation establishes infectious disease

A

Some are easier to transmit than others
Some transmitted through direct contact, droplets, air, vectors (insects), vehicles (water/food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain how opportunistic conditions establishes infectious disease

A

Factors that promote microbes of normal flora to become pathogenic, others invade immune system
(stress, age, surgery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can infectious diseases be prevented?

A

Eliminate reservoirs
Enhanced barriers
Vaccines
Targeted Meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain the concept of immunization and herd immunity

A

Certain individuals cannot get vaccinated (pregnant women, children, elderly, immunocomprimised)
Herd Immunity: when significant % of population is vaccinated can indirectly prevent those at risk from getting disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain how infectious disease was used as a form of colonization

A

Europeans coming to North America brought disease to Indigenous people
After population collapse due to epidemics, government and church saw to control and colonize weakened First Nations Peoples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

First Nations and infectious diseases today

A

Experience infectious disease at higher rates than general pop.
Strep throat (healthcare system fails to treat easily curable)
Tuberculosis (confinement allowed rapid spread)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you classify bacteria?

A

Based on cell wall structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe structure of gram positive bacteria

A

Thick peptidoglycan wall

22
Q

Describe structure of gram negative bacteria

A

Thin peptidoglycan wall surrounded by outer membrane

23
Q

Explain the importance of the bacterial cell wall

A

Contain large internal pressure of bacterial cytoplasm
Composed of plasma membrane and cell wall
Cell walls not in eukaryotic cells make them good target for therapeutics

24
Q

Describe antimicrobials

A

Any agent that stop growth/kill microorganisms
Many are antibiotics but not all

25
Q

Describe antibiotics

A

Small molecules used as meds or produced by microorganisms that can stop growth/kill microorganisms

26
Q

What are the ways antibiotics target?

A

Bacteriostatic: inhibit bacterial growth with help of hosts immune system
Bactericidal: kill susceptible bacteria without any help from host immune system

27
Q

Which would be used for life threatening infections; bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal

28
Q

Differences in what antibiotics target

A

Broad spectrum: antibiotic kills wide range of bacteria
Narrow spectrum: antibiotic is active against small group of organisms

29
Q

What type of target method is used for more serious infection?

A

Broad spectrum; as specific cause may take days to identify

30
Q

Describe antibiotic targets

A

Structural different / non existent in eukaryotic cells make them relatively nontoxic to humans

31
Q

What are the 5 types of antibiotic targets?

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Cell membrane disruptors
Protein synthesis inhibitors
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
Metabolic pathway disruptors

32
Q

Describe the mechanism of cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A

Prevent proper bacterial cell wall formation
Specificity to Gram neg or pos due to differences in cell walls and enzymes

33
Q

Describe how Penicillin works

A

Permanently binds to enzyme that crosslinks peptidoglycans in cell wall resulting in bacterium death due to osmotic rupture

34
Q

What are the side effects of cell membrane disruptors?

A

Human and bacterial membranes are very similar and they can disrupt mitochondrial function in mammalian cells

35
Q

Describe how Daptomycin works

A

Creates leak in membrane halting important bacterial processes (maintaining chemical gradient and protein synthesis)

36
Q

Describe the mechanism of protein synthesis inhibitors

A

Inhibit translation of mRNA into amino acid
Can selectively target prokaryotic ribosomes (leaving host cell unaffected)

37
Q

Describe the role of Doxycycline

A

Single dose used for Lyme disease prevention after a tick bite

38
Q

Describe the mechanism of nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

A

Inhibits gyrase enzyme which supercoils bacteria so bacteria can’t store DNA properly and its degraded and cell dies

39
Q

Describe the mechanism of metabolic pathway disruptors

A

Target specific pathways not found in human cells

40
Q

What is a common target of metabolic pathway disruptors?

A

Folate synthesis

41
Q

What is a common tactic for metabolic pathway disruptors?

A

Use 2 antibiotics in conjunction that block separate enzymes in the same pathway

42
Q

Describe how Cortimoxazole works

A

Combination of 2 antibiotics that blocks 2 stages of bacterial folate synthesis pathways (used separately; bacteriostatic, used together; bactericidal)

43
Q

What are the different antibiotic resistance pathways?

A

ALTER TARGETS: mutation modifies structure of target / another enzyme takes over target function
RESTRICT TARGET ACCESS: drug cannot enter cell / antibiotic pumped out immediately upon entry
DEVELOP DRUG-SPECIFIC ENZYMES: develop enzyme to destroy/modify drug so it does not work

44
Q

Explain the development of antibiotic resistance

A

INFECTION
TREATMENT (antibiotics kill everything except drug resistant)
PROLIFERATION (of drug resistant)
GENE TRANSFER (bacteria can transfer their “drug-resistance”)

45
Q

Explain how antibiotic resistance is tranferred

A

Horizontal gene transfer
- transformation (extracellular DNA taken in)
- conjugation (plasmid gene transfer via contact)
- transduction (transfer through bacteriophage)

46
Q

What is the maintenance of antibiotic resistance?

A

Metabolic cost (requires more energy)
Selective pressure (resistance maintained only if antibiotic stimulus is maintained in environment)

47
Q

Explain the evolution of antimicrobial resistance for S. aureus to MRSA

A
  1. PENICILLIN treated infection
  2. S.aureus developed resistance through BETA LACTAMASE
  3. METHICILLIN resistant to B.L. used to treat S. aureus
  4. Additional resistance by altering PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEIN so it could no longer inhibit cell wall synthesis
  5. VANCOMYCIN treats Mrsa
  6. Vancomycin-RESISTANT strains leave few antibiotic choices remaining for treatment
48
Q

Explain where the overuse of antibiotics occurs

A

HOSPITALS (unregulated antibiotic use)
AGRICULTURE (animals treated to maintain growth and prevent disease in dense living conditions)

49
Q

Methods for preventing Antibiotic resistance

A

Surveillance: monitoring of antibiotic use/resistance
Stewardship: appropriate/careful use of microbiotics across industries
Research/Innovation: continuous development in antibiotic discovery
Infection Prevention & Control: strict adherence to hygiene, sanitation, infection control practices

50
Q

How are high income countries regulating antibiotic use?

A

Banned in food production
Limit prescriptions
Prohibit physicians from taking gifts from pharmaceutical companies
Antibiotic-resistant organisms screened
Isolating people how test positive to prevent spread

PATHOLOGY 120 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions