Module 3 (Metabolic Disorders) Flashcards
Describe anabolic pathways
Create new complex macromolecules
Requires energy
How cells in body grow and repair damage
Describe catabolic pathways
Break down macromolecules
Generate energy
Give an overview of carbohydrates
Primary reservoir for stored energy
Give an overview of glucose and its role as a carb
Primary type of sugar used for energy
Requires transporters to enter the cell membrane
Body stores glucose as glycogen until needed
Give an overview of lipids in metabolism
Second reservoir of stored energy
Associated with transporter proteins
Deposits stored in adipocytes in adipose tissue
Give an overview of proteins in metabolism
Only broken down as energy sources during starvation
Give an overview of nucleic acids in metabolism
Not used for energy production
Make up energy currency molecules in the body
What influences metabolism within the body?
Food intake
Food expenditure/physical activity
Fat stores
CNS/basal metabolic rate
Effects of anabolism on body
Adipose storage
High blood sugar
Lower basal metabolic rate
Effects of catabolism on body
Adipose breakdown
Low blood sugar
Induced Hunger
Describe insulin and its role in glucose metabolism
Produced by Beta cells (specialized from pancreas)
Responsible for maintaining healthy levels of glucose in blood
Explain the process of insulin binding
Binds to specialized receptor outside of cell
Leads to activation of receptors and signals
Result in increase in anabolic activity
How is glucose transported after insulin binds?
Insulin binding stimulates movement of glucose transporters from endosomes to plasma membrane (allowing glucose to enter)
What happens when there is no insulin?
No glucose transport - No glucose in cell - no glucose metabolism
Describe plasma lipoproteins and their various roles in the body
Cholesterol spherical complexes around lipids make them water soluble
Lipid transport in bloodstream
Lipid absorption and breakdown/synthesis
What are the 2 forms of lipoproteins in lipid transport and their roles?
LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDL)
- used to transport cholesterol to tissues
- “bad” cholesterol we want to keep low
- builds up inside arteries
HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDL)
- used to transport cholesterol back to liver
- “good” cholesterol we want higher
- carries LDL away
Role of triglycerides
Fat body stores
Elevated levels in blood associated with cardiovascular disease
Define obesity and explain how it evolved
->Accumulation of excess body fat
Early: survival and more activity resulted in the genetic tendency to store excess calories as fat
Now: Sedentary lifestyle and abundance of food = obesity
- Increase in obesity = increase in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, arthritis
Describe Subcutaneous Fat
- 80 to 90%
- deposits in abdomen, hip, thigh
- larger in females
- efficient triglyceride stores
- metabolize fats slower
- lower risk associated with metabolic disease
Describe Visceral Fat
- 10 to 20%
- deposits in abdominal cavity
- triglyceride stores closely associated with digestive tract, higher rate of fat turnover, more responsive in hormones
- common in males
- increase risk of disease (excess hormone signalling)
- increase risk of high BP, diabetes, insulin resistance etc. –> why waist circumference in monitored
What happens if diabetes is left untreated?
Leads to
- diabetes
- atherosclerosis
- heart disease
Define metabolic syndrome and explain the risk factors
-> Health disorder that greatly increases risk of many chronic illnesses
Diagnosed when patient has 3/5 risk factors
- visceral obesity
- low HDL cholesterol
- high blood sugar
- high triglycerides
- hypertension / high blood pressure
Role of insulin
Regulates amount of glucose in the bloodstream
Released by pancreas in response to high blood glucose
Signals cells in body to take glucose from bloodstream for storage
When can diabetes occur?
- Body doesn’t produce enough insulin
- Cells don’t respond to circulating insulin
