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PATHOLOGY 120 > Module 3 (Metabolic Disorders) > Flashcards

Module 3 (Metabolic Disorders) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe anabolic pathways

A

Create new complex macromolecules
Requires energy
How cells in body grow and repair damage

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2
Q

Describe catabolic pathways

A

Break down macromolecules
Generate energy

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3
Q

Give an overview of carbohydrates

A

Primary reservoir for stored energy

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4
Q

Give an overview of glucose and its role as a carb

A

Primary type of sugar used for energy
Requires transporters to enter the cell membrane
Body stores glucose as glycogen until needed

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5
Q

Give an overview of lipids in metabolism

A

Second reservoir of stored energy
Associated with transporter proteins
Deposits stored in adipocytes in adipose tissue

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6
Q

Give an overview of proteins in metabolism

A

Only broken down as energy sources during starvation

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7
Q

Give an overview of nucleic acids in metabolism

A

Not used for energy production
Make up energy currency molecules in the body

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8
Q

What influences metabolism within the body?

A

Food intake
Food expenditure/physical activity
Fat stores
CNS/basal metabolic rate

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9
Q

Effects of anabolism on body

A

Adipose storage
High blood sugar
Lower basal metabolic rate

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10
Q

Effects of catabolism on body

A

Adipose breakdown
Low blood sugar
Induced Hunger

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11
Q

Describe insulin and its role in glucose metabolism

A

Produced by Beta cells (specialized from pancreas)
Responsible for maintaining healthy levels of glucose in blood

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12
Q

Explain the process of insulin binding

A

Binds to specialized receptor outside of cell
Leads to activation of receptors and signals
Result in increase in anabolic activity

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13
Q

How is glucose transported after insulin binds?

A

Insulin binding stimulates movement of glucose transporters from endosomes to plasma membrane (allowing glucose to enter)

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14
Q

What happens when there is no insulin?

A

No glucose transport - No glucose in cell - no glucose metabolism

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15
Q

Describe plasma lipoproteins and their various roles in the body

A

Cholesterol spherical complexes around lipids make them water soluble
Lipid transport in bloodstream
Lipid absorption and breakdown/synthesis

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16
Q

What are the 2 forms of lipoproteins in lipid transport and their roles?

A

LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDL)
- used to transport cholesterol to tissues
- “bad” cholesterol we want to keep low
- builds up inside arteries
HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDL)
- used to transport cholesterol back to liver
- “good” cholesterol we want higher
- carries LDL away

17
Q

Role of triglycerides

A

Fat body stores
Elevated levels in blood associated with cardiovascular disease

18
Q

Define obesity and explain how it evolved

A

->Accumulation of excess body fat
Early: survival and more activity resulted in the genetic tendency to store excess calories as fat
Now: Sedentary lifestyle and abundance of food = obesity
- Increase in obesity = increase in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, arthritis

19
Q

Describe Subcutaneous Fat

A
  • 80 to 90%
  • deposits in abdomen, hip, thigh
  • larger in females
  • efficient triglyceride stores
  • metabolize fats slower
  • lower risk associated with metabolic disease
20
Q

Describe Visceral Fat

A
  • 10 to 20%
  • deposits in abdominal cavity
  • triglyceride stores closely associated with digestive tract, higher rate of fat turnover, more responsive in hormones
  • common in males
  • increase risk of disease (excess hormone signalling)
  • increase risk of high BP, diabetes, insulin resistance etc. –> why waist circumference in monitored
21
Q

What happens if diabetes is left untreated?

A

Leads to
- diabetes
- atherosclerosis
- heart disease

22
Q

Define metabolic syndrome and explain the risk factors

A

-> Health disorder that greatly increases risk of many chronic illnesses
Diagnosed when patient has 3/5 risk factors
- visceral obesity
- low HDL cholesterol
- high blood sugar
- high triglycerides
- hypertension / high blood pressure

23
Q

Role of insulin

A

Regulates amount of glucose in the bloodstream
Released by pancreas in response to high blood glucose
Signals cells in body to take glucose from bloodstream for storage

24
Q

When can diabetes occur?

A
  • Body doesn’t produce enough insulin
  • Cells don’t respond to circulating insulin
25
Q

What happens in Type 1 diabetes?

A

Body stops producing insulin (typically due to autoimmune disorder killing beta cells)
Cells unable to take up glucose from bloodstream

26
Q

What happens in Type 2 diabetes?

A

Arise from combo of insulin resistance and non-functional beta cells
Cells fail to respond to insulin leading to reduced glucose from blood stream

27
Q

Explain the pathway to insulin resistance

A

Continuous Glucose Intake (insulin receptors may undergo changes allowing less insulin to bind = less glucose into cells)
Insulin Resistance (tissues like liver, fat cells, muscles less responsive to normal levels of insulin = high glucose levels)
Beta Cell Damage (to compensate for insulin resistance, pancreas increases insulin production, overtaxed beta cells may become damaged/non-functional)

28
Q

Common symptoms of type 2 diabetes

A

Polyuria - frequent urination
Polydipsia - excessive thirst
Polyphagia - excessive hunger

29
Q

How is metaformin used?

A

Treating type 2 diabetes (especially if patient is overweight)
- Activates signalling pathways that play important roles in sugar/fat metabolism

30
Q

What has Metaformin been shown to do?

A

Increase insulin sensitivity
Decrease absorption of glucose from diet
Promote catabolism of glucose in cell

31
Q

Progression to severe Type 2 diabetes

A

Loss of insulin response
Loss of ability to create insulin in pancreas

32
Q

Effects of Type 2 Diabetes

A

EYES: vision lose due to retinal damage
HEART: development of cardiovascular/heart disease, increased risk of heart attack and stroke
PANCREAS: failure to create insulin
KIDNEYS: elevated glucose in blood kidneys struggle to filter; damage to kidney blood vessel
FEET: peripheral neuropathy

33
Q

Diabetes specific risk factors

A

Age: 1 in children, 2 in 45+
Lifestyle: 2 linked to poor diet and low physical activity
Family History

34
Q

What issues are included under heart disease?

A

Cardiac arrythmias
Atherosclerosis
Heart valve disease
Heart infections
Heart failure

35
Q

Describe atherosclerosis

A

Thickening of arteries (combination of inflammation and plaque fatty acid deposits)

36
Q

Atherosclerosis is directly linked to what other diseases?

A

Heart attack
Stroke

37
Q

Explain the progression of atherosclerosis

A

INJURY - LDL gets under cells, force of blood flow create friction
INFILTRATION - LDL accumulation, platelets infiltrate wall
LIPID BUILDUP - LDL filled immune cells undergo apoptosis leading to more inflammation
COMPLETE PLAQUE - eventually full lesion forms - blocking passage/weakening wall, if plaque ruptures debris released may cause clot (embulysm)

38
Q

What is the first sign of athersclerosis plaques?

A

Inflammation and bursting in blood vessels

39
Q
A

PATHOLOGY 120 (7 decks)

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