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PATHOLOGY 120 > Module 1 (Pathology and Cell Biology) > Flashcards

Module 1 (Pathology and Cell Biology) Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathology

A

Study of disease
- Cause and effects
- Range of tests and procedures to determine current state of disease

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2
Q

Explain the ideal patient journey

A

Well
Health decline
Triage
Admittance
Diagnosis
Treatment
Discharge, Monitoring OR Palliative Care

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3
Q

Describe the Health Decline aspect of the Ideal Patient Journey

A

Contributing factors include genetic, infection, injury, nutrition, environment, access to care

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4
Q

Describe the Triage aspect of the Ideal Patient Journey

A

Occurs when patient can no longer help themselves
Done by nurse in ER

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5
Q

Describe the Admittance aspect of the Ideal Patient Journey

A

3 reasons
- Condition too severe to send home
- Issue not identified and there is cause for concern
- Patient is stabilized but needs treatment/to be monitored

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6
Q

Describe the Diagnosis aspect of the Ideal Patient Journey

A

Testing (Xray, MRI, etc.) used to assess patient condition

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7
Q

Describe the Treatment aspect of the Ideal Patient Journey

A

Once patient is informed of diagnosis and prognosis
- medication
- minimally invasive procedure
- surgery
- longterm medical intervention

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8
Q

Describe the Discharge aspect of the Ideal Patient Journey

A

After success, patient monitored for required time and then let go
*May be conditions for release
*Support may be needed

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9
Q

Describe the Monitoring aspect of the Ideal Patient Journey

A

Patient must be checked on regularly if completely cured or unsure

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10
Q

Describe the Palliative Care aspect of the Ideal Patient Journey

A

Treatment to improve quality of life rather than cure
Treatment unavailable or unsuccessful and condition is terminal
Goal is making patient comfortable

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11
Q

Example of three factors that hinder optimal healthcare

A

Fear of healthcare system
Systemic racism
Lack of ready access to primary care

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12
Q

What stage of the disease paradigm is the pathologist the most involved in?

A

Diagnosis

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13
Q

Describe the aspects of the pathology disease paradigm

A

Etiology (Cause, i.e. infection, cancer)
Pathogenesis (Mechanisms, results from cause)
Biochemical changes
Morphological changes
Functional changes
Testing
Natural History (Prognosis, likely outcome)
Treatment
Complications

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14
Q

Examples of Functional Changes

A

Fever, cough, trouble sleeping

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15
Q

Examples of Biochemical Changes

A

Lab test values, alter in chemicals, alter in cells

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16
Q

Examples of Morphological Changes

A

Changes to body (appearance)

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17
Q

Indigenous ways of learning

A

Learning by doing (experimental learning, ancestrial knowledge), Learning by storytelling (relationality with each other, natural environment, spiritual world)

18
Q

Indigenous ways of treating disease

A

Holism (treating everything at once)
4 parts: emotional, spiritual, physical, mental

19
Q

Describe the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Where proteins are translated and processed
Fats also made here sometimes
Transport molecules to final destination

20
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

Contains genome (DNA)
Where replication and transcription occur

21
Q

Describe the golgi appartus

A

‘Post office’
Packaging proteins into vesicles

22
Q

Describe the plasma membrane

A

Outer skin
Controls what enters and leaves
Double layer of phospholipids
Contains transporters and receptors

23
Q

Describe the mitochondria

A

Fats are broken down for energy
Krebs cycle
ATP production

24
Q

What are the small membrane-bound organelles? Give 3 examples

A

Vesicles that move through cytoplasm to deliver contents
Lysosomes
Endosomes
Peroxisomes

25
Q

Describe lysosomes

A

Digest different waste and damaged cells
Destroy viruses and bacteria
Enzymes inside breakdown macromolecules

26
Q

Describe Endosomes

A

Transport (sort, store, organize)

27
Q

Describe cytoplasm

A

Find in plasma membrane
*Requires certain chemical conditions

28
Q

Describe peroxisomes

A

Breakdown hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species and the things that create them

29
Q

Describe cytoskeleton

A

Structure and muscles of cell
How cells internally transport cargo in vesicles along microtubules and actin filaments through cytoplasm

30
Q

Explain the process of gene expression signals

A
  1. Stimuli ligands bind to receptor in plasma membrane
  2. Bound receptor activates cellular signalling
  3. Signalling protein travels into nucleus to up-regulate transcription
  4. more mRNA
  5. translation to protein
  6. mature protein secreted out of cell
31
Q

Describe the G0 phase of the cell cycle

A

Resting phase
Usually muscle and nerve cells

32
Q

Describe the G1 phase of the cell cycle

A

Growing but not committed to dividing
Majority of cells life cycle
Cells pass through checkpoint before division

32
Q

Describe the S phase of the cell cycle

A

Synthesis
Cells replicate entire genome in preparation

33
Q

Describe the G2 phase of the cell cycle

A

Last chance for cells to grow before division
DNA checked before community to dividing
Organelle size increases

34
Q

Describe the M phase of the cell cycle

A

Mitosis
PMAT

35
Q

Steps of stem cell differentiation

A

Stem cells
Progenitor cells
Differentiation
Tissue Renewal

36
Q

Describe the Stem Cell aspect of stem cell differentiation

A

Follow phenomenon that 2 daughter cells from mitosis are identical but expression is different
Self renewal
Found in tissue throughout body

37
Q

Describe the Progenitor Cells aspect of stem cell differentiation

A

Multipotential
Stem cells that undergo asymmetric cell division

38
Q

Describe the Differentiation aspect of stem cell differentiation

A

Division of progenitor cells
Replace specialized cells that are damaged
Must commit to one cell type

39
Q

2 different kinds of cell death

A

Necrosis and apoptosis

40
Q

Describe necrosis

A

Dysregulated
Severe lack of resources for life (oxygen)
Due to severe trauma like freezing or physical injury
Results in release of harmful chemicals (ROS and enzymes) causes inflammation and damage to surrounding tissue

41
Q

Describe apoptosis

A

Carefully regulated breakdown in controlled manner
Body is able to dispose released components without inflammation
Occurs in natural developmental process

PATHOLOGY 120 (7 decks)

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