Module 5.1 Flashcards
Background on Commercial Banks
Bank Market Structure
I nterstate banking regulations were changed in
1994 to allow banks more freedom to acquire
other banks across state lines.
The number of banks has declined over time,
thereby increasing concentration in the banking
industry. (Exhibit 17.1)
Many banks are owned by bank holding
companies, allowing more flexibility to borrow
funds, issue stock, repurchase the company’s
own stock, and acquire other firms.
Consolidation among Commercial
Banks over Time
Bank Sources of Funds
Deposit Accounts
Transaction deposits
Savings deposits
Time deposits
Money market deposit accounts
Borrowed Funds
Federal funds purchased (borrowed)
Borrowing from the Federal Reserve banks
Repurchase agreements
Eurodollar borrowings
Long
Term Sources of Funds
Bonds issued by the bank
Bank capital
Transaction Deposits
A demand deposit account , or checking account, is offered
to customers who desire to write checks.
A conventional demand deposit account requires a small minimum
balance and pays no interest.
A negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) account pays interest and
provides checking services.
Electronic Transactions Some transactions originating
from transaction accounts have become much more efficient
as a result of electronic banking (direct deposit accounts,
computer banking, preauthorized debits).
Savings Deposits and Time Deposits
The traditional savings account is the passbook savings
account, which does not permit check writing.
Time Deposits
D eposits that cannot be withdrawn until a specified maturity.
Certificates of Deposit ( or retail CDs) require a specified
minimum amount of funds to be deposited for a specified
period of time. Recently callable CDs have been issued.
Negotiable Certificates of Deposit Have a specified
maturity and require a minimum deposit. Maturities are
typically short term, and the minimum deposit is $100,000. A
secondary market for NCDs does exist.
Money Market Deposit Accounts
and
Federal Funds Purchased
D iffer from conventional time deposits in that they do not
specify a maturity.
P rovide limited check writing ability, require a larger
minimum balance, and offer a higher yield.
Federal Funds Purchased
R epresent a liability to the borrowing bank and an asset to
the lending bank. (typically for one to seven days)
I ntent is to correct short term fund imbalances by banks.
The interest rate charged in the federal funds market is
called the federal funds rate
Borrowing from the Federal Reserve Banks
and
Repurchase Agreements
T he Federal Reserve district banks regulate certain activities
of banks and provide short term loans to banks.
Often referred to as borrowing at the discount window.
The interest rate charged is the primary credit lending rate
Mainly used to resolve a temporary shortage of funds.
Repurchase Agreements
R epresents the sale of securities with an agreement to
repurchase the securities at a specified date and price.
O ccur through a telecommunications network connecting
large banks.
Eurodollar Borrowings
and
Bonds Issued by the Bank
M ay borrow dollars from those banks outside the United
States (typically in Europe) that accept dollar denominated
deposits, or Eurodollars.
Bonds Issued by the Bank
Banks own fixed assets such as land, buildings, and
equipment which are usually financed with long term
sources such as the issuance of bonds.
Common purchasers of these bonds are households and
various financial institutions.
Bank Capital
Represents funds acquired by the issuance of stock or the
retention of earnings.
A bank’s capital must be sufficient to absorb operating losses
in the event that expenses or losses exceed revenues,
regardless of the reason for the losses.
In 1988, regulators imposed new, risk based capital
requirements that were completely phased in by 1992. Under
this system, the required level of capital for each bank
depends on its risk.
Bank Sources of Funds (as a
Proportion of Total Liabilities)
Distribution of Bank Sources of Funds
Smaller banks rely on savings deposits while larger banks
rely more on short term borrowings. (Exhibit 17.2
Common Uses of Funds by Banks
Cash
Bank loans
Investment in securities
Federal funds sold (loaned out)
Repurchase agreements
Eurodollar loans
Fixed assets
Proprietary trading
Bank
Uses of Funds
Cash
Banks must hold some cash as reserves to meet
the reserve requirements enforced by the
Federal Reserve.
Because banks do not earn income from cash,
they hold only as much cash as is necessary to
maintain a sufficient degree of liquidity.
Banks hold cash in their vaults and at their
Federal Reserve district bank.
Bank Loans
Types of Business Loan
Working capital loan (sometimes called a self liquidating
loan) D esigned to support ongoing business operations.
T erm loans Primarily to finance the purchase of fixed
assets such as machinery.
I nformal line of credit Allows the business to borrow
up to a specified amount within a specified period of time.
R evolving credit loan Obligates the bank to offer up to
some specified maximum amount of funds over a specified
period of time.
P rime rate Interest rate charged by banks on loans to
their most creditworthy customers. (See Exhibit 17.3)
Prime Rate over Time
Bank Loans
(
Loan Participations
and
Loans Supporting Leveraged Buyouts
One bank serves as the lead bank by arranging for the
documentation, disbursement, and payment structure of the
loan.
Other banks supply funds that are channeled to the borrower
by the lead bank.
Loans Supporting Leveraged Buyouts
A management group or a business relies mostly on debt to
purchase the equity of another business.
Firms request LBO financing because they perceive that the
market value of certain publicly held shares is too low.
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