MODULE 5: VISUAL DEVELOPMENT Flashcards by Jey SiSi

True or False

Visual development is complete at birth

False

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Changes occur within the anatomy and physiology of __________ and __________ system

ocular, cortical

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Why is it important for optometrists to understand the age at which different visual functions first appear?

any delay in appearance of a particular function may indicate an underlying delay in maturation

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Two techniques used to investigate the development of VA

Electrophysiological method (VEP)
Preferential Looking (PL)

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What technique uses behavioral method?

Preferential Looking

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Tests the integrity of the visual pathway from the retina to the cortex by recording brain activity through electrodes placed on scalp.

Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)

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The origin of this test is based on observation that an infant would rather look at a pattern than a blank stimulus

Preferential Looking (PL)

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This test is dependent on examiner’s ability and child’s attention

Preferential Looking (PL)

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Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at birth

6/300

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Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 1 month

6/200-6/90

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Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 3 months

6/90 - 6/60

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Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 6 months

6/60-6/36

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Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 9 months

6/36-6/24

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Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 12 months

6/24

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Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 18 months

6/18-6/12

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Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 24 months

6/12-6/9

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Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 36 months

6/9-6/6

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Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 5+ years

6/6-6/5

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VEP
approximate snellen VA at birth

Poor 1 cpd

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VEP
approximate snellen VA at 2 months

2 cpd

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VEP
approximate snellen VA at 3 months

3 cpd

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VEP
approximate snellen VA at 6 months

6-20 cpd, 6/6

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Tests used in getting contrast sensitivity

PL and VEP

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Extremely immature at birth but develop substantially over the first few months of life

Contrast Sensitivity

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CS reaches adult like values by ___________

7 month

____________ can detect changes in the orientation of stimulus

Newborns

Which gratings is preferred by newborns?

Horizontal

Oblique orientation on ________________

6 weeks of age

Infants less than 2 months of age have poor _____________

sensitivity motion

VEP responses to low velocity stimuli

10 weeks of age

Motion detection Responses to stimuli four times fast at ___________

13 weeks

What is the first sign of visually impaired infants?

Abnormal eye movement

Sign of normal visual development or oculomotor function

Normal eye movement

Birth

Age first demonstrated: Vertical Up

4-6 weeks

Smooth pursuit - other term

Eye tracking

Ability of eyes to maintain focus on the target while it is moving

Optokinetic Nystagmus

True or false Newborns have no fixed focus with accommodation

False Newborns have fixed focus and no accommodation

Accommodation Immature at _______ Mature at __________

2 months 7 months

2 types of vergence

Accommodative convergence and Fusional Vergence

Age first demonstrated: Smooth pursuit

6 months

Age first demonstrated: Optokinetic nystagmus

Birth

Age first demonstrated: vestibulo-ocular reflex

Birth

Oculomotor functions already demonstrated at birth

Horizontal Saccades, Optokinetic nystagmus, vestibulo-ocular reflex

Type of vergence driven by blur

Accommodative convergence

Type of vergence driven by diplopia

Fusional vergence

Present at 1 month of age, improves by 2 months

Accommodative convergence

Type of vergence intermittent at 2 months, improves in accuracy with age

Fusional vergence

3 levels of binocular function

Bifoveal fixation, fusion, stereopsis

Level of binocular function which only occur in state of orthophoria, usually develops at 3-6 months

Bifoveal fixation

Level of binocular function absent at 3.5 months, present at 6 months. This is the ability of brain to fuse images to form one single image

Fusion

Level of binocular function present at 2-6 months but not yet matured.

Stereopsis

Gross stereopsis develops at ___________

6 months

Fine stereopsis develops at __________

5 y/o

Stereopsis is measured through

Seconds of an arc —-> “

Stereopsis at 6 months

600”

Stereopsis at 12 months

210-170”

Stereopsis at 24 months

100-85”

Value Stereopsis at 5 years

20”

What does “ means

Seconds of an arc

Color vision emerges _______

Between 1 and 3 months

Dichromat at

2 months

Trichromat at

3 months

Babies have preference for bright colors, specially ________

Red

Error of refraction present in newborns

Hyperopia

A newborn has a mean error of ____________

2.00 D

True or false A mean error of 4.00 D is normal in newborns since babies have short axial length

False A mean error of 2.00 D is normal in newborns since babies have short axial length

True or false Prematures are more hyperopic

False Prematures are less hyperopic

Hypermetropia increases from birth until ______ months then gradually decreases towards emmetropia at about ______ y/o

6; 6

Which of the following does not happen during emmetropization? A. Lumalaki lens B. Nageexpand vitreous chamber C. Bumababa power D. Nagfflatten cornea E. Nageelongate ang mata until 6 y/o where nagiging 24mm F. From 2D unti unti nagiging plano G. Nagiging steeper ang cornea

At what age does a person becomes completely emmetropic?

16 y/o

Emmetropia usually achieved by 16 years and then nagkakaroon ng ____________

Myopic shift

Type of astigmatism present in infants

Against-the-rule

True or False Astigmatism is common in infants than adults, significant amounts common under 3.5 years of age

True

At____________, astigmatism drops significantly and shift from against to with the rule

3.5 years

What is the normal axial length of a newborn?

16.5mm

Axial length of newborn grows by _________ in the first 6 month

4mm

At 2-5y/o, _________ is added to the axial length of a newborn

1mm

At 5-13 y/o, _________ is added to the axial length of a newborn

1 mm

What causes the drop of astigmatism in newborns?

Blinking

Normal corneal power of newborn

52D

Cornea flattens until it reaches adult values of __________ at ___________

42-44D at 12 mos

Normal HVID in newborn

9.5 mm

Normal horizontal diameter in adults

12mm

Normal central corneal thickness in newborn

0.96mm