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Pediatric Optometry > MODULE 5: VISUAL DEVELOPMENT > Flashcards

MODULE 5: VISUAL DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

1
Q

True or False

Visual development is complete at birth

A

False

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2
Q

Changes occur within the anatomy and physiology of __________ and __________ system

A

ocular, cortical

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3
Q

Why is it important for optometrists to understand the age at which different visual functions first appear?

A

any delay in appearance of a particular function may indicate an underlying delay in maturation

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4
Q

Two techniques used to investigate the development of VA

A

Electrophysiological method (VEP)
Preferential Looking (PL)

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5
Q

What technique uses behavioral method?

A

Preferential Looking

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6
Q

Tests the integrity of the visual pathway from the retina to the cortex by recording brain activity through electrodes placed on scalp.

A

Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)

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7
Q

The origin of this test is based on observation that an infant would rather look at a pattern than a blank stimulus

A

Preferential Looking (PL)

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8
Q

This test is dependent on examiner’s ability and child’s attention

A

Preferential Looking (PL)

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9
Q

Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at birth

A

6/300

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10
Q

Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 1 month

A

6/200-6/90

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11
Q

Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 3 months

A

6/90 - 6/60

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12
Q

Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 6 months

A

6/60-6/36

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13
Q

Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 9 months

A

6/36-6/24

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14
Q

Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 12 months

A

6/24

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15
Q

Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 18 months

A

6/18-6/12

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16
Q

Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 24 months

A

6/12-6/9

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17
Q

Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 36 months

A

6/9-6/6

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18
Q

Preferential Looking approximate snellen VA in meters at 5+ years

A

6/6-6/5

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19
Q

VEP
approximate snellen VA at birth

A

Poor 1 cpd

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20
Q

VEP
approximate snellen VA at 2 months

A

2 cpd

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21
Q

VEP
approximate snellen VA at 3 months

A

3 cpd

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22
Q

VEP
approximate snellen VA at 6 months

A

6-20 cpd, 6/6

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23
Q

Tests used in getting contrast sensitivity

A

PL and VEP

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24
Q

Extremely immature at birth but develop substantially over the first few months of life

A

Contrast Sensitivity

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25
Q

CS reaches adult like values by ___________

A

7 month

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26
Q

____________ can detect changes in the orientation of stimulus

A

Newborns

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27
Q

Which gratings is preferred by newborns?

A

Horizontal

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28
Q

Oblique orientation on ________________

A

6 weeks of age

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29
Q

Infants less than 2 months of age have poor _____________

A

sensitivity motion

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30
Q

VEP responses to low velocity stimuli

A

10 weeks of age

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31
Q

Motion detection

Responses to stimuli four times fast at ___________

A

13 weeks

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32
Q

What is the first sign of visually impaired infants?

A

Abnormal eye movement

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33
Q

Sign of normal visual development or oculomotor function

A

Normal eye movement

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34
Q
A

Birth

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35
Q

Age first demonstrated: Vertical Up

36
Q

Smooth pursuit - other term

A

Eye tracking

37
Q

Ability of eyes to maintain focus on the target while it is moving

A

Optokinetic Nystagmus

38
Q

True or false

Newborns have no fixed focus with accommodation

A

False

Newborns have fixed focus and no accommodation

39
Q

Accommodation

Immature at _______
Mature at __________

A

2 months
7 months

40
Q

2 types of vergence

A

Accommodative convergence and Fusional Vergence

41
Q

Age first demonstrated: Smooth pursuit

42
Q

Age first demonstrated: Optokinetic nystagmus

43
Q

Age first demonstrated: vestibulo-ocular reflex

44
Q

Oculomotor functions already demonstrated at birth

A

Horizontal Saccades, Optokinetic nystagmus, vestibulo-ocular reflex

45
Q

Type of vergence driven by blur

A

Accommodative convergence

46
Q

Type of vergence driven by diplopia

A

Fusional vergence

47
Q

Present at 1 month of age, improves by 2 months

A

Accommodative convergence

48
Q

Type of vergence intermittent at 2 months, improves in accuracy with age

A

Fusional vergence

49
Q

3 levels of binocular function

A

Bifoveal fixation, fusion, stereopsis

50
Q

Level of binocular function which only occur in state of orthophoria, usually develops at 3-6 months

A

Bifoveal fixation

51
Q

Level of binocular function absent at 3.5 months, present at 6 months. This is the ability of brain to fuse images to form one single image

52
Q

Level of binocular function present at 2-6 months but not yet matured.

A

Stereopsis

53
Q

Gross stereopsis develops at ___________

54
Q

Fine stereopsis develops at __________

55
Q

Stereopsis is measured through

A

Seconds of an arc —-> “

56
Q

Stereopsis at 6 months

57
Q

Stereopsis at 12 months

A

210-170”

58
Q

Stereopsis at 24 months

59
Q

Value
Stereopsis at 5 years

60
Q

What does “ means

A

Seconds of an arc

61
Q

Color vision emerges _______

A

Between 1 and 3 months

62
Q

Dichromat at

63
Q

Trichromat at

64
Q

Babies have preference for bright colors, specially ________

65
Q

Error of refraction present in newborns

66
Q

A newborn has a mean error of ____________

67
Q

True or false

A mean error of 4.00 D is normal in newborns since babies have short axial length

A

False
A mean error of 2.00 D is normal in newborns since babies have short axial length

68
Q

True or false
Prematures are more hyperopic

A

False

Prematures are less hyperopic

69
Q

Hypermetropia increases from birth until ______ months then gradually decreases towards emmetropia at about ______ y/o

70
Q

Which of the following does not happen during emmetropization?

A. Lumalaki lens

B. Nageexpand vitreous chamber

C. Bumababa power

D. Nagfflatten cornea

E. Nageelongate ang mata until 6 y/o where nagiging 24mm

F. From 2D unti unti nagiging plano

G. Nagiging steeper ang cornea

71
Q

At what age does a person becomes completely emmetropic?

72
Q

Emmetropia usually achieved by 16 years and then nagkakaroon ng ____________

A

Myopic shift

73
Q

Type of astigmatism present in infants

A

Against-the-rule

74
Q

True or False
Astigmatism is common in infants than adults, significant amounts common under 3.5 years of age

75
Q

At____________, astigmatism drops significantly and shift from against to with the rule

76
Q

What is the normal axial length of a newborn?

77
Q

Axial length of newborn grows by _________ in the first 6 month

78
Q

At 2-5y/o, _________ is added to the axial length of a newborn

79
Q

At 5-13 y/o, _________ is added to the axial length of a newborn

80
Q

What causes the drop of astigmatism in newborns?

81
Q

Normal corneal power of newborn

82
Q

Cornea flattens until it reaches adult values of __________ at ___________

A

42-44D at 12 mos

83
Q

Normal HVID in newborn

84
Q

Normal horizontal diameter in adults

85
Q

Normal central corneal thickness in newborn

Pediatric Optometry (4 decks)

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