Module 5: Understanding Epidemiology and Health Promotion

Question 1

epidemiology

Answer 1

is the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states of event in populations, including the study of influencing determinants, and the application of this knowledge to control health problems

Question 2

association

Answer 2

occurs when there is reasonable evidence that a connection exists between a stressor or environmental factor and a disease or health challenege

Question 3

causation

Answer 3

an association that has been confirmed beyond a doubt and there is a definite, statistical, cause and effect relationship between a particular stimulus and the occurrence of a specific disease or health challenge

Question 4

temporal relationship

Answer 4

person does not get the disease until after exposure to the cause

Question 5

strength of association

Answer 5

exposure to a specific stressor or cause is most likely to bring on the disease

Question 6

Dose-response

Answer 6

persons who are most exposed to the contaminated food are the most ill

Question 7

specificity

Answer 7

the cause is linked to a specific disease

Question 8

consistency

Answer 8

everyone who eats contaminated food gets the illness, if other food in another time and place is contaminated with the same bacteria the same illness occurs

Question 9

biologic plausibility

Answer 9

consistent with the biologic/medical knowledge that is known

Question 10

experimental replication

Answer 10

several studies done by different scientists in different places produce the same or similar results

Question 11

screening

Answer 11

the testing of individuals who do not have symptoms in order to detect a health problem

Question 12

surveillance

Answer 12

the constant watching or monitoring of diseases to assess patterns and quickly identify events that do not fit the pattern

Question 13

case series studies

Answer 13

are counts of selected variables within a specific population

• individuals with the disease are matched with individuals who are similar in some characteristics but not have manifested the disease

Question 14

cross-sectional studies

Answer 14

are snapshots of the present and may also be called prevalence studies

Question 15

epidemiological triangle

Answer 15

a means to classify communicable disease by examining the relationship between host, the agent and the environment

Question 16

enteric infections

Answer 16

are infections that enter the body through the mouth and intestinal tract

Question 17

food-borne infection

Answer 17

is acquired through the consumption of contaminated food

Question 18

water-borne pathogens

Answer 18

usually enter water supplies through fecal contamination from animals or humans to cause enteric illnesses

Question 19

respiratory infections

Answer 19

are most frequently caused by viruses but the cause of acute respiratory infections are unknown in a large percentage of cases; respiratory infections also include influenza and tuberculosis

Question 20

Health care-associated infections

Answer 20

are acquired as a result of being admitted to or attending a health care facility where exposure can take place

Question 21

goals of immunization program

Answer 21

elimination of vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles, mumps and rubella etc

Question 22

sexually transmitted infections

Answer 22

are infections that are spread through insertive and receptive sexual practices with an infected person

Question 23

blood-borne infectiond

Answer 23

are infections that are carried and transmitted by blood (HIV, hepb, hep c and viral hemorrhagic fever

Question 24

zoonotic infections

Answer 24

are diseases transmissible between animals and humans however, they don’t need humans to maintain their cycle (rabies)

Question 25

vector-borne infections

Answer 25

caused by viruses, bacteria and parasites that living creatures carry and pass onto other living creatures (lyme disease, west nile virus)