Module 5: The Life-Span Approach Flashcards
1
Q
What is the personality theory that intends to extend rather than repudiate Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory?
A
Erik Erikson’s Theory or The Life-Span Approach.
2
Q
What does Erik Erikson’s Theory specifically extend from the Psychoanalytic Theory made by Freud?
A
It extends Freud’s psychosexual infantile development to further stages such as adolescence, adulthood, and old age (Freud’s psychosexual development only focuses on the formative years of development of a person).
3
Q
What served as the foundation for the life-cycle approach?
A
The Freudian Theory.
4
Q
What did Erik Erikson’s Theory place more emphasis on, influence-wise?
A
Social and historical influences.
5
Q
What did the Life-Span Approach offer?
A
It offered a new way of looking at things.
6
Q
What is the struggle of opposite psychosocial forces?
A
The psychosocial struggle.
7
Q
What contributes to the formation of personality?
A
The psychosocial struggle.
8
Q
What is the turning point in a person’s life?
A
Identity crisis.
9
Q
What is the psychosocial struggle?
A
It is the struggle of opposite psychosocial forces
10
Q
What is an identity crisis?
A
It is the turning point in a person’s life.
11
Q
What can the identity crisis do to one’s personality?
A
It may either strengthen or weaken it.
12
Q
What are the three ways Erikson extended Freud’s theory?
A
- Erikson elaborated on Freud’s stages of development.
- Placed a greater emphasis on the ego than the ID.
- Recognized the impact of cultural and historical forces on personality.
13
Q
TRUE OR FALSE?
Erikson believed that personality does not continue to develop over time and only during the formative years of a child.
A
False.
14
Q
TRUE OR FALSE?
Erikson believed that the ego is an independent part of one’s personality and is not dependent to the ID.
A
True.
15
Q
Why did Erikson recognize the impact of cultural and historical forces on personality in his theory?
A
It is because although biological factors are important too, these factors do not provide a complete explanation of personality. Individuals are also not entirely governed by it.
16
Q
What is characterized as a positive force at the center of one’s personality that is capable of creating a self-identity?
A
The ego.
17
Q
What is the ego?
A
It is the positive force at the center of one’s personality capable of creating a self-identity.
18
Q
What sort of sense does the ego have?
A
The ego has the sense of “I”.
19
Q
What does the ego do?
A
The ego does the following:
- Organizes agency-synthesizing present experiences with past self-identities and anticipated images of the self.
- Helps in adapting to the various conflicts of life.
- Prevents individual’s from losing one’s individuality to the leveling forces of society.
20
Q
When is the ego usually weak and fragile?
A
During childhood.
21
Q
During which stage must the ego take form and gain strength?
A
During the adolescence stage.
22
Q
What are the aspects of the ego?
A
Body ego, ego ideal, and ego identity.
23
Q
What aspect of the ego is characterized by one’s way of seeing one’s physical self as differing from that of others?
A
The body ego.
24
Q
What aspect of the ego is characterized by the image we have of ourselves compared to an established ideal?
A
The ego ideal.
25
What aspect of the ego refers to the image we have of ourselves on the various social roles we play?
The ego identity.
26
What is the ego ideal responsible for?
It is responsible for one's satisfaction or dissatisfaction not only on the physical self, but with the entire personal identity.
27
When do rapid changes of the ego usually take place?
During adolescence.
28
TRUE OR FALSE?
Alterations on the three components or aspects of the ego may also take place at any stage of life.
True.
29
The ego exists only as what during birth?
Potential.
30
Where must the ego emerge?
Within the bounds of cultural environment.
31
What shapes one's personality that is befitting the needs and values of a specific culture?
Society.
32
What is characterized by the illusion held by a specific society that it is somehow chosen to be more important than other societies?
Pseudospecies.
33
What is pseudospecies?
It is an illusion held by a specific society that it is somehow chosen to be more important than other societies.
34
Is pseudospecies a threat to every nation's survival?
Yes.
35
What is the assumption of Erik Erikson's epignetic principle?
The assumption is that the ego develops throughout the various stages of life.
36
What is the epignetic principle?
It is the step-by-step development in accordance to a predetermined rate and in a fixed sequence.
37
What are the basic points that are required to know in order to understand Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?
```
1. Growth happens in accordance to the
epignetic principle.
2. An interaction of opposites occurs at
every stage
3. An ego quality or ego strength is
produced by the conflicts at each
stage.
4. Core pathology results from having too
little basic strength for that stage.
5. The biological aspect of development
is not undermined despite the focus
on Psychosocial development.
6. Personality development is shaped by
multiplicity of conflicts and events –
past, precent and anticipated.
7. Personality development is
characterized by an identity crisis at
each stage of development, most
especially, from adolescence onward
```
38
What does syntonic mean?
Harmonious.
39
What does dystonic mean?
Disruptive.
40
The ego strength is also referred to as what?
Basic strength.
41
What do not solely cause later personality development?
Childhood experiences.
42
At what age does the infancy stage occur?
Birth until 1 year of age.
43
What is the psychosexual mode of the infancy stage?
Oral-sensory mode.
44
What is the psychosocial crisis of the infancy stage?
Basic trust vs. basic mistrust.
45
What is the basic strength of the infancy stage?
Hope.
46
What is the core pathology of the infancy stage?
Withdrawal.
47
What are the two modes of incorporation in the oral-sensory mode?
Receiving and accepting.
48
Experience of the oral-sensory mode is a time for what?
Incorporation.
49
What is the receiving incorporation?
Infants can receive even with the absence of other
| people.
50
What is the accepting incorporation?
Not only should infants get, but they must have
| someone to give.
51
The accepting incorporation of the oral-sensory mode is an early training of what exactly?
It is the early training of establishing interpersonal relations.
52
With whom does the infant usually form their first significant interpersonal relationship with?
Their mother or primary caregiver.
53
When does basic trust develop?
Basic trust develops if the mother responds appropriately to the infant's physical needs -- providing enough affection, love, and security.
54
What do infants learn to expect when they develop basic trust?
They learn to expect consistency, continuity, and sameness from other people and situations in the environment.
55
When does basic mistrust develop?
It develops when a mother is rejecting, inattentive, or inconsistent or fails to display exclusive focus towards the child.
56
What happens to an infant when he or she develops basic mistrust?
The infant becomes suspicious, fearful, and anxious.
57
What type of mothers usually have infants who develop mistrust?
Working moms.
58
What is characterized by the belief that one's desires will be satisfied?
Hope.
59
What is hope as a basic strength of the infancy stage?
It is the belief that one's desires will be satisfied.
60
What does a person feel when he or she has developed hope as a basic strength during the infancy stage?
The person will always have the feeling of confidence that things will be fine even with temporary setbacks.
61
What is the withdrawal as a core pathology characterized by?
It is characterized by the retreat from the outside world or as the antithesis of hope.
62
At what age does the early childhood stage or phase occur?
1 to 3 years of age.
63
What is the psychosexual mode of the early childhood phase?
Anal-Urethral-Muscular Mode.
64
The Anal-Urethral-Muscular Mode is a period of what?
It is a period of gaining pleasure from mastering both the sphincter muscle and other body functions such as urinating, walking, or holding, a period of children learning to control their body -- both in relation to cleanliness and mobility, and a period marked by contradictions -- stubbornness and compliance, impulsive self-expression, and compulsive deviance.
65
What is the psychosocial crisis of early childhood?
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
66
What is the basic strength of early childhood?
Will.
67
What is the core pathology of early childhood?
Compulsion.
68
What do children take pride in during the early childhood stage?
Children take pride in developing independent skills.
69
What sort of tendencies are children most likely to exhibit during the early childhood phase?
Stubborn tendencies.
70
What is the most important ability of the early childhood stage which children must learn?
Holding on and letting go.
71
What is the most important point in the early childhood stage?
Choice.
72
What is the choice in the early childhood phase?
It is the most important point in the early childhood stage.
73
What do children want to start doing during the early childhood phase?
Children are starting to experience the power of their autonomous will and are wanting to exercise their newfound strengths.
74
What are children learning to see themselves as?
Children are learning to see themselves as persons in their own right.
75
What kind of environment are children much more likely to find themselves in?
An environment or a culture that attempts to inhibit some of their self-expression.
76
What is the very first instance a child encounters society's attempt to regulate an instinctual need?
It is when children experience toilet training.
77
What is the toilet training in terms of the psychosocial stages of life?
It is the first instance a child encounters society's attempt to regulate an instinctual need.
78
When does autonomy develop?
Autonomy develops when parents give children the chance to assert their independence while guiding them along the way.
79
When do feelings of self-doubt and a sense of shame develop?
It develops when parents frustrate their child's attempt to independence by imposing too much control and by undermining a child's capability and not trusting children to succeed at a simple task.
80
What is shame characterized by?
Shame is characterized by a feeling of self-consciousness.
81
What is doubt characterized by?
Doubt is characterized by feelings of uncertainty.
82
What is will characterized by?
Will is characterized by a determination to exercise freedom of choice and self-restraint in the face of society's demands.
83
The will that is achieved in the early childhood phase is a foundation for what?
It is a foundation of a mature willpower reserved for later stages of development.
84
When do children only develop during the early childhood phase?
Children only develop when their environment allows them self-expression.
85
What is compulsion as a core pathology?
It is the core pathology which develops when children develop inadequate will.
86
What is compulsion as a core pathology characterized by?
Compulsion is characterized by having an anal personality.
87
At what age does a child experience the play age phase?
3 to 5 years of age.
88
What is the psychosexual mode during the play age phase?
Genital-Locomotor Mode.
89
The genital-locomotor mode is a period of what?
It is a period of parental identification, development of locomotion, language skills, curiosity imagination, and capability to set goals.
90
What is the psychosocial crisis of the play age phase?
Initiative vs. Guilt.
91
What is the basic strength of the play age phase?
Purpose.
92
What is the core pathology of the play age phase?
Inhibition.
93
What is the genital-locomotor mode characterized by?
It is characterized by the children's strong desire to take the initiative in many activities.
94
What is the oedipus complex in Erikson's theory?
It is a drama played out in the child's imagination that includes the budding understanding of basic concepts -- reproduction, growth, future, and death (not to be taken literally).
95
What does the will begin to evolve to during the play age phase?
It begins to evolve into an activity with a purpose.
96
What do children's cognitive abilities allow them to do?
To create fantasies (including Oedipal fantasies).
97
How is initiative developed?
It is developed or sustained when parents guide children with love and understanding during the expression of Oedipal-related (or other taboo) fantasies.
98
What is the development of initiative a preparation for?
It is the preparation for the development of adult responsibility and morality.
99
When is the feeling of guilt developed?
The feeling of guilt develops when parents attempt to punish and inhibit a child's display of initiative.
100
What will guilt affect in the child?
It will affect the self-directed activities of the child until he or she grows older.
