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Theories Of Personality > Module 1: Introduction To Personality > Flashcards

Module 1: Introduction To Personality Flashcards

Learn about the overview of personality and scientific theories.

1
Q

What do all individuals exhibit?

A

Differences

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2
Q

What is the Latin word where the word “personality” roots from?

A

Persona

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3
Q

What was the “persona” for the ancient Romans?

A

A theatrical mask that would project a false appearance or help them portray a certain role.

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4
Q

What is a personality?

A

Permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior.

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5
Q

Why do personality theorists not agree to a single definition for personality?

A

They have no agreement to the nature of humanity and see personality in a personal point-of-view.

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6
Q

What is the collection of thoughts and feelings which contributes to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations?

A

Traits

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7
Q

What are the unique qualities of an individual?

A

Characteristics

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8
Q

Who was the first to develop a “truly modern theory of personality”?

A

Freud

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9
Q

How many grand theories of personality are there?

A

Six.

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10
Q

What is a theory?

A

A set of related assumptions that allow scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate a testable hypothesis.

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11
Q

Why is a theory a set of related assumptions?

A

It is because a single assumption can never fill all requirements to form a strong theory and because isolated assumptions cannot make meaningful hypotheses.

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12
Q

What is the tool used to generate research and organize observations, but is neither “truth” nor “fact”?

A

A scientific theory.

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13
Q

What are the relatives of a scientific theory?

A

Philosophy, speculation, and taxonomy.

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14
Q

What does a theory relate more with in terms of philosophy?

A

Epistemology

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15
Q

What is epistemelogy?

A

A branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of knowledge.

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16
Q

What are traits?

A

Traits are a collection of thoughts and feelings that contributes to individual differences in behavior, the behavior of a person’s consistency, and stability of behavior across situations.

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17
Q

What are characteristics?

A

Unique qualities of individuals.

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18
Q

What does theory deal with?

A

Theory deals with the broad sets of if-then statements.

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19
Q

What does theory not concern itself with?

A

The ethicality of the outcomes.

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20
Q

Why do scientific theories still use philosophy?

A

It is still used to judge the acceptability of the theory, sometimes unconsciously and other times consciously.

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21
Q

Why can theories not solely rely on speculation and empirical observations?

A

It is because speculation and empirical observation need to be joined together with possible research to make a strong theory.

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22
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Taxonomy is the classification of things according to their natural relationships.

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23
Q

Science cannot grow without what?

A

Classification of data.

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24
Q

What is the classification of things according to their natural relationships?

A

Taxonomy.

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25
Q

Theories are not _____ laws.

A

Immutable.

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26
Q

What does immutable mean?

A

Unchanging over time.

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27
Q

What does the usefulness of a theory depend on?

A

The ability to generate research and to explain research data and other observations.

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28
Q

How many perspectives in theories of personality are there?

A

Five.

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29
Q

What are the perspectives in theories of personality?

A

Psychodynamic, humanistic-existential, dispositional, biological-evolutionary, and learning (social) cognitive.

30
Q

What are the assumptions of the psychodynamic perspective?

A

The first five years of life are what shapes a person’s personality, unconscious forces are the most important, and that neurosis is the result from unhealthy moving toward, against, or away from others.

31
Q

What are the key terms of the psychodynamic perspective?

A

Unconscious, early recollections, collective unconscious, archetypes, object-relations, identity crises, and relatedness.

32
Q

Who are the key figures of the psychodynamic personality?

A

Freud, Adler, Jung, Horney, Fromm, Erikson, and Klein

33
Q

What are the primary assumptions of the humanistic-existential perspective?

A

People strive to live meaningful and happy lives as they are motivated by growth and psychological health while personality is also shaped by freedom of choice, response to anxiety, and awareness of death.

34
Q

What are the key terms of the humanistic-existential primary assumptions?

A

Meaningful life and psychological well-being and growth.

35
Q

Who are the key figures of the humanistic-existential perspective?

A

Maslow, Rogers, and May.

36
Q

What are the primary assumptions of the dispositional perspective?

A

Individuals have unique traits, while there is also a five trait dimension in human personality.

37
Q

What are the key terms of the dispositional perspective?

A

Traits and motives.

38
Q

Who are the key figures of the dispositional perspective?

A

Allport, and McCrae and Costa

39
Q

What are the primary assumptions of the biological-evolutionary perspective?

A

The foundation for thought and behavior is biological and genetic forces. These thoughts and behavior has been shaped by evolutionary forces.

40
Q

What are the key terms of the biological-evolutionary perspective?

A

Brain structures, neurochemicals, genes, and adaptive mechanisms

41
Q

Who are the key figures of the biological-evolutionary perspective?

A

Eysenck and Buss

42
Q

What are the primary assumptions of the learning (social) cognitive perspective?

A

Personality develops through social interactions and certain conditions which is the only explanation and creator of behavior.

43
Q

What are they key terms for the learning (social) cognitive perspective?

A

Conditioned responses, shaping reinforcement, observational learning, modeling, self-efficacy, cognitive affective units, constructs

44
Q

Who are the key figures for the learning (social) cognitive perspective?

A

Skinner, Rotter, Mischel, and Kelly

45
Q

What makes a good theory?

A

A good theory generates research, is falsifiable, and can organize data. A good theory also guides action, is internally consistent, and is parsimonious.

46
Q

What can a useful theory do?

A

It can stimulate and guide further research.

47
Q

What can a descriptive research do?

A

It can expand an existing theory.

48
Q

What is descriptive research concerned with?

A

It is concerned with measurement, labeling, and categorization of units employed in theory building

49
Q

What can hypothesis testing lead to?

A

It can lead to indirect verification of the usefulness of the theory.

50
Q

What is the ability of a theory to be confirmed or disconfirmed?

A

The ability to be falsifiable.

51
Q

Why must a theory be precise enough?

A

It must be precise to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major beliefs.

52
Q

True or false. Falsifiability is the same as being false.

A

False.

53
Q

What does falsifiability really mean?

A

It means that negative research results will prove the theory to be wrong and force the theorist to either discard the entire theory or modify it.

54
Q

What must a theory be capable of integrating?

A

What is currently known about the human behavior and personality development.

55
Q

What happens to a personality theory that does not offer a reasonable explanation of at least some kind of behavior?

A

It ceases to be useful.

56
Q

When will a personality theory cease to be useful?

A

If the personality theory does not offer a reasonable explanation of at least some kind of behavior.

57
Q

What is the ability of a theory to guide the practitioner over the rough course of day-to-day problems?

A

The ability to guide action.

58
Q

What does a theory need to be consistent with?

A

Itself.

59
Q

What does a theory not need to be consistent with?

A

Other theories

60
Q

What is more useful? A simple and straightforward theory or a theory with complicated concepts?

A

A simple and straightforward theory.

61
Q

How many dimensions are there for the concept of humanity?

A

Six.

62
Q

What do personality theories differ on?

A

Basic issues that concern the nature of humanity

63
Q

What is the use of the dimensions for the concept of humanity?

A

It is used to distinguish the personality theorists apart from each other.

64
Q

What are the dimensions of the concept of humanity?

A
  1. Determinism vs. free choice
  2. Pessimism vs. optimism
  3. Causalty vs. Teleology
  4. Conscious vs. unconscious determinants of behavior
  5. Biological vs. social influences on personality
  6. Uniqueness vs. similarities
65
Q

What is causalty?

A

Behavior is a function of past experiences.

66
Q

What is teleology?

A

The explanation of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes

67
Q

What holds that behavior is a function of past experiences?

A

Causalty

68
Q

What holds the explanation of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes?

A

Teleology

69
Q

What does each perspective in personality reflect?

A

The author’s view and assumptions about humanity.

70
Q

What reflects the author’s view and assumptions about humanity?

A

Each perspective in personality.

Theories Of Personality (4 decks)

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