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UTSC - PSYA01 (midterms) > Module 5 sensation & perception > Flashcards

Module 5 sensation & perception Flashcards

1
Q

The process through which the lens changes shape to bring objects into focus on the retina

A

Accommodation

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2
Q

the location in the temporal lobe where auditory information is processed.

A

auditory cortex

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3
Q

The tissue inside the cochlea where the hair cells are located

A

Basilar membrane

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4
Q

Auditory cues that require comparisons from both ears to understand an object’s location

A

Binaural cues

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5
Q

These cues require comparing an image as it falls on both eyes in order to understand how far away an object is from the viewer

A

Binocular depth cues

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6
Q

The processing of physical messages delivered to the senses

A

Bottom-up processing

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7
Q

Sensory cells in the nose that respond to air molecules that we interpret as smell and taste

A

Chemoreceptors

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8
Q

A snail-shaped structure in the inner ear where the auditory hair cells are located

A

Chochlea

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9
Q

Cells in the visual striate cortex that respond to lines of specific orientations in motion

A

Complex cells

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10
Q

A type of photoreceptor in the retina that is typically most responsive to bright lighting conditions and is responsible for communicating information about acuity and color

A

cone

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11
Q

A term for several rare conditions where an individual is unable to experience pain

A

Congenital Analgesia

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12
Q

The transparent covering of the eye; performs about 80% of the focusing of a visual image

A

cornea

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13
Q

Part of the bipolar layer of the retina. These cells receive signals from the rods and send their messages to large (magno) ganglion cells

A

Diffuse bipolar cells

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14
Q

Also known as the Where stream, this pathway takes information from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe, where we are able to identify object location

A

dorsal stream

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15
Q

Specialized cells in the visual cortex that respond most actively to specific stimuli

A

feature detectors

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16
Q

he portion of the retina directly behind the pupil. It contains a large concentration of cones and no rods

A

fovea

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17
Q

The physical measurement of pitch, or how high/low a sound is. It is measured in Hertz (Hz)

A

frequency

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18
Q

The theory of audition that suggests we understand pitch because of the rate of cellular firing on the basilar membrane

A

frequenct theory

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19
Q

A theory of pain perception that suggests that painful stimuli can be blocked in the spinal cord when you are engaged in other activities

A

Gate-control theory of pain

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20
Q

The sensory neurons inside the inner ear that convert sound into neural firing

A

Hair cells (auditory)

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21
Q

The sensory neurons inside the vestibular sacs that convert information about gravity into neural firing

A

hair cells (vestibular)

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22
Q

The physical measurement of the loudness of a sound. This is measured in decibels (dB)

A

Intensity

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23
Q

The brain compares intensity differences of sound as it arrives at each ear in order to understand object location

A

interaural level difference

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24
Q

Comparisons made between the small differences in arrival time of a sound in each ear

A

interaural time differences

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25
Q

Also known as an earworm, it is the auditory experience of an inability to dislodge a song from one’s consciousness

A

involuntary musical imagery

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26
Q

The ring of pigmented tissue surrounding the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil, thereby controlling the amount of light that reaches the retina

A

iris

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27
Q

This term refers to our sense of where our bodies are in space and how to move the body to accomplish specific tasks

A

kinesthetic sense

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28
Q

Part of the ganglion layer of the retina. Receive signals from the diffuse bipolar cells. The axons of these cells leave the eye and form part of the optic nerve. Also known as magno cells

A

large ganglion cells

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29
Q

he 6-layered portion of the thalamus that processes and organizes visual information

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

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30
Q

A flexible piece of tissue, located behind the pupil that focuses light on the retina

A

lens

31
Q

Cones in the visual system that respond maximally to long wavelengths of light (e.g., reds). Also known as L-cones

A

long wavelength cones

32
Q

Receptors in the skin that sense different kinds of pressure

A

mechanoreceptors

33
Q

The portion of the thalamus that evaluates and organizes auditory information before sending it to the auditory cortex

A

medial geniculate nucleus

34
Q

Cones in the visual system that respond maximally to medium wavelengths of light (e.g., greens & yellows). Also known as M-cones

A

medium wavelength cones

35
Q

Part of the bipolar layer of the retina. These cells receive signals from cones and send their messages to the small (parvo) ganglion cells

A

midget bipolar cells

36
Q

Also known as pictorial cues, these depth cues only require one eye to understand messages of depth

A

monocular depth cues

37
Q

A stimulus that produces smells that can be perceived by the nose

A

odorant

38
Q

The tissue that contains the chemoreceptors of the nose

A

olfactory mucosa

39
Q

Neurons that are specifically responsive to odorants

A

olfactory receptors neurons (ORN)

40
Q

A theory of color vision that suggests that cells in the visual pathway increase their activation when receiving information from one kind of cone and decrease their activation when they see a second color

A

opponent process theory

41
Q

An X-shaped structure where the optic nerves from each eye cross before the message is sent to the thalamus

A

optic chiasm

42
Q

the region of the brain that analyzes both taste and smell

A

orbitofrontal cortex

43
Q

The three smallest bones in the body. They are responsible for amplifying vibrations arriving at the eardrum and transmitting these signals to the oval window of the cochlea

A

ossicles

44
Q

The little bumps on the surface of the tongue where tastebuds are located

A

papillae

45
Q

The processing of stimuli to create a sensory understanding of the world

A

perception

46
Q

These cells, also called photosensitive cells, are specifically sensitive to exposure to light

A

photoreceptors

47
Q

The external part of the ear

A

pinna

48
Q

The theory of audition that suggests we understand pitch because of the location of firing on the basilar membrane

A

place theory

49
Q

A field of psychology that attempts to evaluate the way the physical experience of sensations is translated into perceptions

A

psychphysics

50
Q

The hole in the center of the eye that allows light to enter

A

pupil

51
Q

The thin layer of tissue on the back of each eye that contains the photosensitive receptor cells

A

retina

52
Q

The difference between the retinal image that falls on both eyes. The brain uses disparity to calculate the distance between an individual and an object

A

retinal disparity

53
Q

The spatial organization of the retinal image is maintained through the visual pathway

A

retinotopic organization

54
Q

One kind of photoreceptor in the retina; it typically is most responsive to low levels of light

A

rod

55
Q

The structures in the inner ear that sense changes in acceleration and the rotation of the head

A

semicircular canals

56
Q

The elementary parts of the environment that the brain uses to create meaning

A

sensations

57
Q

A visual depiction of what our bodies would look like if they were built in proportion to their representation on the cortex

A

sensory homunculus

58
Q

Cones in the visual system that respond maximally to short wavelengths (e.g., blues). Also known as S-cones

A

short cones

59
Q

Feature-detecting cells in the visual striate cortex that respond to lines of specific orientations

A

simple cells

60
Q

Part of the ganglion layer of the retina. Receive signals from the midget bipolar cells. The axons of these cells leave the eye and form part of the optic nerve. Also known as parvo cells

A

small ganglion cells

61
Q

The location in the parietal lobe where touch and motion are processed

A

somatosensory cortex

62
Q

The spatial organization of touch; two adjacent points on your skin are represented by adjacent points on the somatosensory cortex

A

somatotopic organization

63
Q

The location of taste-sensitive cells on the tongue

A

taste pore

64
Q

Receptors in the skin specifically designed to detect changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

65
Q

The spatial organization of the basilar membrane is maintained through the auditory pathway

A

tonotopic organization

66
Q

The integration of a person’s beliefs, memories, and expectations into their sensory experiences to create a perception

A

top-down processing

67
Q

The process by which external sensations are converted into neural firing in the brain

A

Transduction

68
Q

theory of color vision that proposes that color information is identified by comparing the activation of different cones in the retin

A

trichromatic theory

69
Q

Also known as the eardrum, this structure transfers energy to the three smallest bones of the body known as the ossicles

A

tympanic membrane

70
Q

Also known as the What stream, this pathway takes information from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe where we are able to identify an object

A

ventral stream

71
Q

the structures in the inner ear that respond to cues associated with balance and posture

A

vestibular sacs

72
Q

Also known as our sense of balance

A

vestibular sense

73
Q

The location in the occipital lobe where visual information is organized and analyzed

A

visual striate cortex

74
Q

The physical distance from one energy cycle to the next; changes in wavelength are often perceived as changes in colo

A

wavelength

UTSC - PSYA01 (midterms) (4 decks)

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