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UTSC - PSYA01 (midterms) > Module 3 Biology & Neuroscience > Flashcards

Module 3 Biology & Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

The electrical impulse, or activation energy, that sends a message through a neuron

A

Action potential

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2
Q

Axons that carry signal to the central nervous system

A

Afferents

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3
Q

Chemicals that come from outside of the body, and mimic or enhance in some way the actions of neurotransmitters. They can be either more effective, the same, or less effective than the normal neurotransmitter produced in the nervous system

A

Agonist

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4
Q

A network of neurons and glia (nuclei) that becomes more active when we learn to be fearful and activate our fear response.

A

amygdala

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5
Q

A chemical that comes from outside of the body to shut off a receptor

A

antagonist

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6
Q

Parts of the neocortex that merge information from primary areas like the visual and auditory cortex. These circuits help us make sense of what we take in

A

Association cortex

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7
Q

Glial (helper) cells that help get nutrition to neurons and maintain the balance of charged particles (ions) inside and outside of the neuron

A

astrocytes

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8
Q

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the more automatic functions of the body

A

autonomic

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9
Q

A part of the neuron’s cell membrane that delivers messages to other neurons and body parts

A

Axon

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10
Q

The intersection between the soma and the axon. This is where the axon begins

A

Axon hillock

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11
Q

This is the part of the axon that releases the neurotransmitter. Once the action potential gets to the axon terminal, this triggers the release of the neurotransmitter

A

Axon terminal

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12
Q

Interconnected groups of neurons near the base of the brain that help us learn movements and coordinate movement patterns

A

Basal ganglia

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13
Q

The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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14
Q

“Little brain.” A two-lobed part of the brain behind the brainstem that helps coordinate movements and problem-solving

A

Cerebellum

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15
Q

A network that becomes more active when we experience unpleasant things

A

cingulate gyrus

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16
Q

opposite side of the body

A

contralateral

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17
Q

Extensions of the cell body membrane that branch out to communicate with other neurons

A

dendrites

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18
Q

A method used in combination with MRI scans that allows white matter (axons with myelin) to be seen on the scan

A

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

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19
Q

Consisting of clustered groups of neurons called the caudate and putamen, part of the basal ganglia closer to the neocortex that play a central role in coordinating movement

A

Dorsal striatum

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20
Q

Axons that carry signals away from the central nervous system

A

efferents

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21
Q

A substance produced in the body (remember the nervous system is a part of your body)

A

Endogenous

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22
Q

Something that causes a neuron to move closer to activation (more positive)

A

Excitatory

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23
Q

A network of neurons and glia grouped together to perform certain functions

A

ganglia

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24
Q

several different kinds of helper cells that assist neurons in their role as the brain’s communicators, and provide structural support

A

glial cells

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25
Q

Pale globe: Part of the basal ganglia that plays the role of inhibiting circuits in the thalamus to control how sensory information is coordinated with movement

A

globus pallidus

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26
Q

A neurotransmitter that excites (activates) neurons

A

glutamate

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27
Q

A network of neurons and glia that acts as a gateway for forming new memories

A

Hippocampus

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28
Q

A network of neurons and glia that helps regulate the production of hormones by the endocrine system, giving it an integral role in governing important bodily functions

A

Hypothalamus

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29
Q

Something that causes the charge inside a neuron to move away from activation (more negative)

A

inhibitory

30
Q

Particles with positive or negative changes. The movement of ions creates electricity

A

ions

31
Q

same side of the body

A

ipsilateral

32
Q

An anatomical term meaning “toward the sides of the body/head.”

A

lateral

33
Q

Areas in the brain where neurons have died. A lesion can occur for many reasons, including trauma (getting hit), drug overdose, disease, stroke, or toxic chemical exposure

A

Lesions

34
Q

A network of neurons and glia dedicated to regulating emotions, helping regulate the endocrine activity, and forming emotional memories

A

Limbic system

35
Q

Different sections of the neocortex, each dedicated primarily to a certain set of functions

A

Lobes

36
Q

An anatomical term meaning “toward the middle and center of the body/head.”

A

Medial

37
Q

The part of your brain closest to your spinal cord that helps regulate life functions like breathing and heart rate

A

medulla

38
Q

Glial (helper) cells that clean debris and get rid of germs

A

microglia

39
Q

A protein and fatty substance that wraps around the axon to protect and increase speed of action potentials (electrical impulses)

A

myelin

40
Q

The outer part of your brain, with all the bumps (gyri) and valleys (sulci), responsible for all the high-level processing of information

A

neocortex

41
Q

Anything related to nervous system structure or function

A

neural

42
Q

Neurons organized in an interconnected group, dedicated to a set of functions

A

Neural network

43
Q

Diseases in which parts of the brain slowly die over time, resulting in greater disability as the disease progresses

A

Neurodegenerative diseases

44
Q

Cells that communicate within the brain and with the body to form thoughts and actions. These cells code information as electrical signals, and also release chemicals that influence other neurons/organs/body parts

A

Neurons

45
Q

The ability of neurons and glia to change/adapt to what happens inside and around us

A

neuroplasticity

46
Q

chemicals released from the end of an axon that acts as messages to other neurons and body parts. These chemicals typically bind to receptors

A

Neurotransmitters

47
Q

Gaps in the myelin that allow ions to enter into the axon and change the charge inside

A

nodes of ranvier

48
Q

A network of neurons and glia grouped together to perform certain functions

A

Nuclei

49
Q

The bottom portion of the temporal lobes in the neocortex dedicated to processing electrical impulses from olfactory (smell) nerves

A

Olfactory cortex

50
Q

Glial (helper) cells that wrap the myelin insulation around axons in the central nervous system

A

oligodendrocytes

51
Q

The division of your autonomic nervous system that is responsible for resting, digestion, and repairing the body

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

52
Q

A chemical that comes from outside of the body and either partially enhances, partially mimics, or partially blocks a neurotransmitter action

A

partial agonist/antagonist

53
Q

Peripheral means “outer.” This is any part of the nervous system not in the brain or spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system

54
Q

A network of cells in the brain stem (myelencephalon) that regulate awareness/alertness, sleep, and motor functions

A

Pons

55
Q

the other side of the synapse. The neuron that contains receptors (usually on dendrites) ready to bind to the neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic neuron

A

postsynaptic

56
Q

The front portion of the frontal lobes, a network of neurons and glia heavily involved in decision making

A

Prefrontal cortex

57
Q

The neuron that releases the neurotransmitter from its axon terminal

A

presynaptic

58
Q

Circuits of neurons in the temporal lobe dedicated to receiving and processing messages from the ears through axons of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

primary auditory cortex

59
Q

Proteins that are embedded in the cell body membrane and are built to receive chemical messages from neurotransmitters

A

receptors

60
Q

A network of cells in the pons and medulla that helps regulate the level of awareness and alertness in humans

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

61
Q

Glial (helper) cells that wrap the myelin insulation around axons in the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells

62
Q

The cell body of a neuron

A

Soma

63
Q

Literally, of the body. The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of the torso, head, and limbs. These are the nerves that control and communicate with skeletal muscles

A

Somatic

64
Q

A way of using dye to make neurons, axons, and dendrites visible under a microscope

A

staining methods

65
Q

Dark substance: Another part of the basal ganglia that sends inhibitory signals to the thalamus in order to coordinate sensory information with motor (movement) plans

A

substantia nigra

66
Q

The division of your autonomic nervous system that is responsible for things we do that require excitement

A

sympathetic nervous system

67
Q

A small fluid-filled gap between neurons into which neurotransmitters are released

A

Synapse

68
Q

The space between the end of the neuron that releases a neurotransmitter (axon terminal) and the end of the receiving neuron (usually a dendrite)

A

synaptic cleft

69
Q

The very edge of the axon terminal, where the neurotransmitter exits

A

terminal button

70
Q

Consisting of clustered groups of neurons called the globus pallidus (looks like a “pale globe”), substantia nigra (black substance), and the subthalamic nucleus (below the thalamus); part of the basal ganglia closer to the neocortex that play a central role in coordinating movement

A

ventral striatum

71
Q

Little bubbles at the terminal button that store neurotransmitter molecules

A

vesicles

72
Q

Circuits in the rear temporal lobe that seem to be necessary for processing and understanding language

A

wernicke’s area

UTSC - PSYA01 (midterms) (4 decks)

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