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ESE > module 5: resources > Flashcards

module 5: resources Flashcards

1
Q

the proportion of void space in the material

A

Porosity

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2
Q

measure of how readily fluids pass through the material

A

Permeability

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3
Q

a volume of rock or soil above the impermeable material that is water-saturated

A

Saturated zone or phreatic zone

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4
Q

the water in the saturated zone

A

Groundwater

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4
Q

rock or soil above the saturated zone in which the pore spaces are filled partly with water, partly with air

A

Unsaturated zone or vadose zone

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5
Q

all of the water occupying pore space below the ground surface this includes ground water, soil moisture, and water in unsaturated rocks.

A

Subsurface water

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6
Q

an underground boundary between the soil surface and the area where groundwater saturates spaces between sediments and cracks in rock.

A

water table

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6
Q

the processes of infiltration and migration or percolation by which ground water is replaced

A

Recharge

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6
Q

rock that holds enough water and transmits it rapidly enough to be useful as a source of water

A

Aquifer

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7
Q

occurs where ground water flows into a stream, escapes at the surface in a spring, or otherwise exits the aquifer

A

discharge

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8
Q

rock that may store a considerable quantity of water, but in which water flow is slowed, or retarded

A

aquitard

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9
Q

a rock that is essentially impermeable on a human timescale

A

Aquiclude

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10
Q

when the aquifer is directly overlain only by permeable rocks and soil

A

Unconfined aquifer

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11
Q

bounded above and below by low permeability rocks

A

confined aquifer

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12
Q

a circular lowering of the water table

A

Cone of depression

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13
Q

another problem arising from groundwater use in coastal regions

A

Salt water intrusion

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14
Q

a common way to provide more land for construction

A

Filling in wetlands

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15
Q

partial solution to the problem of areas where groundwater use exceeds natural recharge rate

A

Recharge basins

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16
Q

creates a distinctive terrain

A

karst

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17
Q

the ground collapses abruptly into the void

A

sinkhole

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18
Q

contains substantial amounts of dissolved calcium and magnesium

A

Hard water

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19
Q

Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards

A

DENR A.O. 2016-08

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20
Q

allow parched coastal regions to tap the vast ocean reservoirs

A

Desalination of seawater

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21
Q

the water is passed through fine filters or membranes to screen out dissolved impurities

A

filtration system

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22
Q

heating or boiling water full of dissolved minerals

A

Distillation

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22
Q

an essential resource especially for the production of the major portion of our food

A

Soil

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22
Q

processes acting to break down rocks and minerals

A

Weathering

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23
Q

the physical breakup of rocks without changes in the rocks’ composition

A

Mechanical weathering

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24
Q

the breakdown of minerals by chemical reaction with water, with other chemicals dissolved in water, or with gases in the air

A

Chemical weathering

25
Q

plays a major role in the intensity of chemical weathering

A

Climate

26
Q

effects can be either mechanical or chemical

A

Biological weathering

27
Q

may add components to soil

A

Airborne chemicals and sediments

28
Q

consisting wholly of organic matter

A

O horizon

29
Q

below O horizon, consists of the most intensively weathered rock material

A

A horizon

30
Q

below the A horizon, is also known as the zone of leaching

A

E horizon

31
Q

below the B horizon, is a zone consisting principally of very coarsely broken-up bedrock and little else

A

C horizon

32
Q

the zone of accumulation

A

B horizon

33
Q

relates to the soil’s tendency to form lumps or clods of soil particles

A

Soil structure

34
Q

soils were seen as characteristic of more humid regions

A

pedalfer

35
Q

the soil of a dry climate

A

pedocal

36
Q

common to many less-developed nations and poses special agricultural challenges

A

Lateritic soil

37
Q

rich in accumulated organic matter

A

Wetland Soils

38
Q

physical removal of material from one place to another

A

Soil Erosion

39
Q

single slope is terraced into a series of shallower slopes

A

terracing

40
Q

Surface runoff may be slowed on moderate slopes by

A

contour plowing

41
Q

alternating crops of different heights

A

Strip cropping

42
Q

a rock in which a valuable or useful metal occurs at a concentration sufficiently high

A

ore

43
Q

Types of Mineral Deposits

A

Igneous Rocks and Magmatic Deposits

44
Q

the term given to unusually coarse-grained igneous intrusions

A

Pegmatite

45
Q

They are mined primarily from igneous rocks

A

kimberlites

46
Q

Ordinary table salt, known mineralogically as

A

halite

47
Q

They are rarely the sites of primary formation of ore minerals

A

Streams

48
Q

used in “lead” pencils, in batteries, as a lubricant

A

Graphite

49
Q

most heavily used metal and it is also one of the most common metals

A

Iron

50
Q

an excellent catalyst

A

Platinum

51
Q

practical when a large, three dimensional ore body is located near the surface

A

Open-pit mining

52
Q

more often used to extract coal than mineral resources

A

Strip-mining

53
Q

to extract metals from ores

A

Smelting

54
Q

refers to any remains or evidence of ancient life

A

Fossil

55
Q

energy sources that formed from the remains of once living organisms.

A

Fossil fuels

56
Q

Oil is commonly discussed in units of

A

barrels

57
Q

Recovery using no techniques beyond pumping

A

primary recovery

58
Q

when flow falls off, water may be pumped into the reservoir

A

Secondary recovery

59
Q

crystalline solids of gas and water molecules

A

Gas (methane) hydrates

60
Q

oxygen is absent or nearly so

A

anaerobic

61
Q

known as oil sands, are sedimentary rocks containing a very thick, semisolid, tarlike petroleum

A

Tar sands

62
Q

the splitting apart of atomic nuclei into smaller ones

A

Fission

63
Q

the combining of smaller nuclei into larger ones

A

Fusion

63
Q

The energy of falling or flowing water which has been used for centuries

A

Hydropower

64
Q

EPA

A

Environmental Protection Agency

ESE (5 decks)

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