Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESE > module 4: geology > Flashcards

module 4: geology Flashcards

1
Q

 A dynamic planet and constantly changing structure.
 A layered sphere.

A

Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

interior, is composed of a dense, intensely hot mass of metal, mostly iron, thousands of kilometers in diameter.

A

Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

surrounding the molten outer core. It is a hot, pliable layer of rock.

A

Mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the cool, lightweight, brittle rock outermost layer of the earth

A

Crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

publish a sketch showing how the two continents could fit together, jigsaw-puzzle fashion.

A

Antonio Snider

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Climatologist, was struck not only by the matching coastlines, but by geologic evidence from the continents.

A

Alfred Wegener

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

may preserve evidence of the ancient climate of the time and place in which the sediments were deposited.

A

Sedimentary rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

There are evidences of extensive glaciation in places now located in the tropics

A

parts of Australia, southern Africa, and South America.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

There are coal deposits

A

Antarctica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fossil plant, remains of which are found in limited areas of widely separated lands

A

Glossopteris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fossils of a small reptile, similarly dispersed across two continents.

A

Mesosaurus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the modern continents moving to their present positions via a process

A

continental drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

study of large scale movement and deformation of the earth’s outer layers

A

Tectonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

such deformation to the existence and movement of rigid “plates” over a weaker, more plastic layer in the earth’s upper mantle

A

Plate tectonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The earth’s crust and uppermost mantle are somewhat brittle and elastic

A

Lithosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

meaning “without strength”,
 Its lack of strength or rigidity results from a combination of high temperatures and moderate confining pressures that allows the rock to flow plastically under stress.

A

Asthenosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The distribution of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions indicates that these phenomena are far from uniformly distributed over the earth.

A

Locating Plate Boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

lithospheric plates MOVE APART

A

Divergent plate boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

most common type of divergent boundary worldwide, and it is already noted the formation of new oceanic lithosphere at these ridges.

A

SEAFLOOR SPREADING RIDGES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

plates are MOVING TOWARD EACH OTHER

A

Convergent plate boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

This type of plate boundary, where one plate is carried down below (subducted beneath) another

A

subduction zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

At an ocean-ocean convergence, the result is commonly a line of volcanic islands

A

island arc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

are frequent during continent-continent collision as a consequence of the large stresses involved in the process

A

Earthquakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ridges consist of many short segments slightly OFFSET from one another

A

Transform Boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The offset is a special kind of fault, or break in the lithosphere

A

transform fault

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal crystal structure

A

mineral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

not produced solely by living organisms or by biological processes

A

Inorganic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

materials are solids in which the atoms or ions are arranged in regular, repeating patterns.

A

Crystalline

29
Q

The two fundamental characteristics of a mineral that together distinguish it from all other minerals are its

A

chemical composition and its crystal structure

30
Q

A mineral’s composition and crystal structure can usually be determined only by

A

using sophisticated laboratory equipment.

31
Q

the largest compositional group of minerals

A

SILICATES

32
Q

Two most common elements in the earth’s crust are

A

silicon and oxygen

33
Q

probably the best known silicate. Compositionally, it is the simplest, containing only silicon and oxygen.

A

Quartz

34
Q

The most abundant group of minerals in the crust

A

Feldspars

35
Q

The general term used to describe those silicates that contain iron and/or magnesium, with or without additional elements.

A

Ferromagnesian

36
Q

simple ferromagnesian mineral, is a major constituent of earth’s mantle

A

Olivine

37
Q

sheet silicates, built on an atomic scale of stacked-up sheets of linked silicon and oxygen atoms

A

Micas

38
Q

the sheets tend to slide past each other, a characteristic that contributes to the slippery feel of many clays and related minerals

A

Clays

39
Q

mineral group is defined by some chemical constituent or characteristic that all members of the group have in common

A

NONSILICATES

40
Q

is a solid, cohesive aggregate of one or more minerals, or mineral materials

A

rock

41
Q

The three broad categories of rocks

A

igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

42
Q

a rock formed by the solidification and crystallization of a cooling magma.

A

IGNEOUS ROCK

43
Q

the name given to naturally occurring hot, molten rock material

A

Magma

44
Q

the most widely known example of a plutonic rock

A

Granite

45
Q

are loose, unconsolidated accumulations of mineral or rock particles that have been transported by wind, water, or ice, or shifted under the influence of gravity, and redeposited

A

Sediments

46
Q

When sediments are compacted or cemented together into a solid, cohesive mass
- formed at low temperatures

A

sedimentary rocks

47
Q

set of processes by which sediments are transformed into rock

A

lithification

48
Q

Formed from the products of the mechanical breakup of other rocks.

A

Clastic sedimentary rocks

49
Q

composed mostly of calcite

A

Limestone

50
Q

made up of the mineral halite

A

Rock salt

51
Q

one that has formed from another, preexisting rock that was subjected to heat and/or pressure.

A

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

52
Q

Heat and pressure commonly cause the minerals in the rock to

A

recrystallize

53
Q

metamorphosed shale that has developed foliation under stress

A

Quartzite

54
Q

a schematic view. Basically, a variety of geologic processes can transform any rock into a new rock of the same or a different class

A

rock cycle

55
Q

the study of resources that are valuable for manufacturing

A

Economic mineralogy

56
Q

An ancient method of accumulating gold, diamonds, and coal is

A

placer mining

57
Q

minerals are a broad class that covers resources from silicate minerals

A

Nonmetals

58
Q

Another ancient, and much more dangerous, method is

A

underground mining

59
Q

roasting ore to release metals—is a major source of air pollution

A

Smelting

60
Q

sudden movements in the earth’s crust that occur along faults

A

Earthquakes

61
Q

giant sea waves triggered by earthquakes or landslides

A

Tsunamis

62
Q

general term for rapid downslope movement of soil or rock

A

Landslide

63
Q

occurs on all sandy shorelines because the motion of the waves is constantly redistributing sand and other sediments

A

Beach erosion

64
Q

refers to atmospheric conditions that occur locally over short periods of time

A

Weather

65
Q

refers to the long-term regional or even global average of temperature

A

Climate

66
Q

Warming that result when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth toward space

A

Greenhouse Effect

67
Q

Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect include:

A

➢ Water vapour
➢ Carbon Dioxide
➢ Methane
➢ Nitrous Oxide
➢ Chlorofluorocarbons

67
Q

The long-term heating of Earth’s climate

A

Global Warming

68
Q

A long-term change in the average weather patterns

A

Climate Change

ESE (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions