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HSC Biology > Module 5: Reproduction > Flashcards

Module 5: Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the key features of mammals?

A

Mammals are warm-blooded, reproduce sexually, have internal fertilization, and nourish their offspring with milk. They also tend to care for their young for extended periods.

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2
Q

What is the role of the placenta in placental mammals?

A

The placenta supplies oxygen and removes waste for the embryo, allowing it to grow inside the uterus.

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3
Q

How does the umbilical cord function?

A

The umbilical cord consists of two arteries and one vein that facilitate material exchange between the embryo and mother.

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4
Q

What distinguishes marsupials from placental mammals?

A

Marsupials give birth to underdeveloped offspring that continue to develop in a pouch, while placental mammals give birth to more developed young.

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5
Q

What are monotremes and how do they reproduce?

A

Monotremes lay soft-shelled eggs and nurse their young with milk; examples include echidnas and the platypus.

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6
Q

What hormonal changes occur during the first trimester of human pregnancy?

A

HCG rises rapidly, maintaining the corpus luteum and allowing progesterone secretion, which keeps the uterine lining receptive to the embryo.

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7
Q

What hormonal changes occur during the second trimester of pregnancy?

A

HCG levels decline, leading to a decrease in progesterone and oestrogen production by the corpus luteum; the placenta takes over hormone production.

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8
Q

How does oxytocin contribute to labour in the third trimester?

A

Increased oestrogen induces the formation of oxytocin receptors in the uterus, leading to contractions that help push the baby towards the cervix.

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9
Q

Describe ovulation in humans.

A

Ovulation occurs mid-cycle when a mature follicle releases an egg, ready for fertilisation.

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10
Q

What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

FSH stimulates follicles in the ovaries to grow and mature.

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11
Q

What is menstruation?

A

Menstruation is the disintegration of the endometrium, resulting in menstrual bleeding from the vagina.

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12
Q

Explain implantation in mammals.

A

Implantation occurs when a blastocyst attaches to the endometrium after travelling down the fallopian tube, allowing for embryonic development.

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13
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

This structure develops after a follicle ruptures and releases an egg during ovulation. It releases oestrogen and progesterone.

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14
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

A hormone produced by either a mature follicle or the corpus luteum. It stimulates the endometrium to thicken.

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15
Q

What is progesterone?

A

A hormone produced in women by the corpus luteum. It helps to maintain the endometrium.

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16
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

The first half of the ovarian cycle, characterised by one follicle maturing. Oestrogen levels rise during this phase.

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17
Q

Which days of the menstrual cycle does the follicular phase occur in?

A

Days 1-14

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18
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

The second half of the ovarian cycle, characterised by the corpus luteum producing oestrogen and progesterone.

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19
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that can travel in the bloodstream. These are often made of proteins or lipids and there are many different types.

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20
Q

What is an ovary?

A

A female reproductive organ that contains many follicles. Each of these follicles contains one immature egg cell inside it.

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21
Q

What is a follicle?

A

A small sac found in the ovary that contains one immature egg cell. As this structure grows and matures, it releases oestrogen.

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22
Q

Where is the follicle located on day 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The ovary.

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23
Q

Where is the follicle located on day 6 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The ovary.

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24
Q

Where is the ovum located on days 6-10 of the menstrual cycle?

A

In a follicle in the ovary.

25
Q

Where is the ovum on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The fallopian tube.

26
Q

When the egg reaches maturity, what happens to the follicle?

A

It bursts open and the remnants form the corpus luteum.

27
Q

Where is the corpus luteum located?

A

In the ovary (only after day 16).

28
Q

Which phase is characterised by its progesterone production?

A

The luteal phase.

29
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone.

30
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Luteinising Hormone.

31
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

Primarily responsible for stimulating follicles to grow in the ovaries.

32
Q

What is the primary function of LH?

A

High concentrations of LH trigger ovulation, and the remnants of the burst to form the corpus luteum.

33
Q

Where are FSH and LH released?

A

The anterior pituitary gland.

34
Q

Where is GnRH produced?

A

The hypothalamus, in the brain.

35
Q

What is the function of GnRH?

A

It triggers the release of LH and FSH.

36
Q

Does an increase in progesterone cause ovulation?

A

No.

37
Q

Where are oestrogen and progesterone released?

A

The ovaries.

38
Q

Which hormone does high levels of oestrogen stimulate?

A

GnRH.

39
Q

What effect do low levels of oestrogen have on the pituitary gland?

A

They inhibit it, causing lowered levels of FSH and LH.

40
Q

What effects do the combination of oestrogen and progesterone have?

A

They thicken and stabilise the endometrium for the first half of the luteal phase; they inhibit the production of GnRH.

41
Q

How does a fertilised egg (zygote) grow?

A

Through a form of cell division called mitosis.

42
Q

What is HCG?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, a hormone that sustains the corpus luteum, allowing the continued secretion of oestrogen and progesterone.

43
Q

What hormone do blastocysts secrete?

A

HCG.

44
Q

How do pregnancy tests work?

A

Pregnancy tests check for the presence of HCG, because this hormone is only secreted by a blastocyst. Hence, is only present in pregnant women.

45
Q

Why are oestrogen and progesterone essential in pregnancy?

A

They maintain the endometrium to support embryonic development.

46
Q

When do LH and FSH spike?

A

Day 14; ovulation.

47
Q

When does oestrogen spike?

A

Day 14; during ovulation.

48
Q

When does progesterone spike?

A

Day 21; mid-luteal phase.

49
Q

What role does oxytocin play in lactation?

A

It stimulates the release of breast milk from storage.

50
Q

What role does prolactin play in lactation?

A

It stimulates the production of breast milk.

51
Q

What are the hormones responsible for producing milk?

A

Prolactin and Oxytocin.

52
Q

What is the term used to describe an animal with both male and female sex organs?

A

Hermaphrodite.

53
Q

What is the meaning of parthenogenesis?

A

A “virgin birth”.

54
Q

What is the function of contractions?

A

They push the baby towards the cervix and out of the vaginal opening.

55
Q

What is the biological name for flowering plants?

A

Angiosperms.

56
Q

What part of the angiosperm produces pollen?

A

The anther.

57
Q

What is the sticky part of the carpel called?

A

The stigma.

58
Q

When the pollen fertilises an egg within a flower, what develops?

A

A seed.

59
Q

What happens in a clownfish colony if the female is killed?

A

The largest dominant male changes sex to become the new female.

HSC Biology (4 decks)

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