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HSC Biology > Module 5: DNA & Polypeptide Synthesis > Flashcards

Module 5: DNA & Polypeptide Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first step of polypeptide synthesis?

A

A gene in the DNA is “switched on”.

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2
Q

What is the second step of polypeptide synthesis?

A

The gene is transcribed into a mobile copy called messenger RNA (mRNA).

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3
Q

What is the third step of polypeptide synthesis?

A

The mRNA undergoes some processing.

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4
Q

What is the fourth step of polypeptide synthesis?

A

mRNA exits the nucleus and moves to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

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5
Q

What is the fifth step of polypeptide synthesis?

A

The ribosome uses mRNA as a template to make a polypeptide from amino acids in the cytoplasm. This is called translation.

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6
Q

What is the last step of polypeptide synthesis?

A

The polypeptide is folded into a 3D shape to form a protein. This may involve the polypeptide being combined with other polypeptides or molecules.

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7
Q

What is RNA?

A

RNA is a type of nucleic acid that assists in the process of polypeptide synthesis. It has one strand and instead of deoxyribose sugar, it has ribose sugar.

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8
Q

What is thymine replaced with in RNA?

A

Uracil.

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9
Q

What sugar does RNA have?

A

Ribose sugar.

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10
Q

What is transcription?

A

The creation of messenger RNA (mRNA), using one strand of DNA as a template.

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11
Q

What is the role of polymerase?

A

It is responsible for transcribing the base sequence onto the mRNA, to be transferred to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

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12
Q

Why is mRNA important?

A

mRNA is important as it transcribes the genetic instructions in DNA for making a polypeptide. Being mobile, mRNA then takes these instructions to the ribosomes where they are translated into forming a protein.

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13
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

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14
Q

Describe the structure of tRNA.

A

A “t” molecule, with three nitrogenous bases on one end, and its corresponding amino acid on the other.

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15
Q

What is tRNA?

A

tRNA is a form of RNA that stands for transfer RNA. It will temporarily bind to the codon in the mRNA, ensuring the correct sequence of amino acids forming the polypeptide chain.

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16
Q

How are amino acids brought to the ribosome?

A

Each amino acid is brought to the ribosome by a specific tRNA molecule.

17
Q

What are codons?

A

The base triplets on mRNA.

18
Q

What are anticodons?

A

The matching set of bases to a codon, carried by tRNA.

19
Q

What is the first step of translation?

A

mRNA binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

20
Q

What is the second step of translation?

A

Each codon within the mRNA is transferred (processed) by the ribosome.

21
Q

What is the third step of translation?

A

The ribosome matches the mRNA codons to complementary anticodons on tRNA.

22
Q

What is the last step of translation?

A

The amino acid on each matching tRNA is added to a chain to form a polypeptide.

23
Q

What are signalling proteins?

A

Allow cells to communicate with each other.

24
Q

What is an example of a signalling protein?

A

Insulin, which helps to regulate blood-glucose level.

25
Q

What are transport proteins?

A

Help transport substances around the body.

26
Q

What is an example of a transport protein?

A

Haemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood.

27
Q

What is the role of storage proteins?

A

Help to store mineral ions in the body.

28
Q

What is an example of a storage protein?

A

Ferritin regulates levels of iron stored in the body.

29
Q

What is the role of motor proteins?

A

Allow body movement, such as voluntary movement of skeletal muscles and involuntary movement of the heart’s cardiac muscle.

30
Q

What are the motor proteins involved in the involuntary movement of the heart’s cardiac muscle?

A

Actin and myosin.

31
Q

What is the role of defence proteins?

A

Part of the immune system, to prevent illness/disease. This includes antibodies.

32
Q

What is the role of sensory proteins?

A

Detect stimuli in the environment.

33
Q

What is an example of a sensory protein?

A

Opsins in the eye detect light.

34
Q

What is the role of enzymes?

A

Speed up (catalyse) chemical reactions within the body.

HSC Biology (4 decks)

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