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HSC Biology > Module 5: Cell Replication > Flashcards

Module 5: Cell Replication Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and M phase (mitosis).

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2
Q

What are the three subprocesses of interphase?

A

G1, S phase, and G2.

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3
Q

What occurs in G1 of interphase?

A

Cellular growth.

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4
Q

What occurs in S phase of interphase?

A

Cellular growth and DNA replication.

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5
Q

What occurs in G2 of interphase?

A

Cellular growth.

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6
Q

What types of organisms have a cell cycle of growth and division?

A

Multicellular organisms.

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7
Q

Which is the shortest phase of the cell cycle?

A

M phase.

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8
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

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9
Q

What is PMAT?

A

The four stages of mitosis. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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10
Q

What occurs in prophase?

A

The chromosomes condense to become visible and the nuclear envelope begins to break down. The mitotic spindle begins to form.

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11
Q

What occurs in metaphase?

A

The chromosomes align in the middle of the cell and the centromere of each chromosome becomes attached to a spindle fibre.

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12
Q

What occurs in anaphase?

A

The two sister chromatids of each chromosome move away from each other towards the opposite poles of the cell. The chromatids are now called daughter chromosomes.

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13
Q

What occurs in telophase?

A

The cell prepares to split in two by forming a nuclear envelope around each set of chromosomes and the spindle disappears.

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14
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm in two, each with its own nucleus. After cytokinesis, two genetically identical daughter cells have formed.

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15
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The type of cell division used for growth and repair. It allows one parent cell to become two genetically identical daughter cells.

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16
Q

Describe chromosome structure in G1 of interphase.

A

During the G1 phase, chromosomes exist as a single chromatid, made of a single DNA molecule.

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17
Q

Describe chromosome structure in S phase of interphase.

A

Each chromosome is made of two identical chromatids. The two DNA molecules are joined together at the centromere to make an “X” shape.

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18
Q

What are centromeres?

A

The centromeres are organelles that assist the process of mitosis. They have thread-like structures called microtubules that form mitotic spindles, which control chromosomal movement in mitosis.

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19
Q

Describe chromosome structure in M phase of the cell cycle.

A

During the M phase, cell division occurs by mitosis. The two chromatids separate into two identical daughter chromosomes.

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20
Q

When do chromosomes have an “X” shape?

A

After the S phase.

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21
Q

What is the mid-point of a chromosome called?

A

The centromere.

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22
Q

How many chromosomes does a human body cell have?

A

46

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23
Q

How many homologous pairs of chromosomes does a human body cell have?

A

23

24
Q

How many chromosomes does a human gamete have?

A

23

25
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a human gamete have?

A

None.

26
Q

Where do the two chromosome copies in diploid cells come from?

A

One from each parent.

27
Q

What are “homologous chromosomes”?

A

A pair of corresponding chromosomes.

28
Q

Which human cells are haploid?

A

Sex cells (gametes).

29
Q

Which human cells are diploid?

A

Body cells, excluding gametes.

30
Q

How does mitosis contribute to the continuity of a species?

A

Allows growth and repair in multicellular organisms, thus allowing them to survive to reproduce. Also involved in some forms of asexual reproduction, e.g. budding in yeast,
amoeba.

31
Q

How does meiosis contribute to the continuity of a species?

A

Allows sexual reproduction and increases genetic variety in the offspring.

32
Q

Can crossing over occur in mitosis?

A

No

33
Q

Can crossing over occur in meiosis?

A

Yes

34
Q

How many times does cytokinesis occur in mitosis?

A

Once

35
Q

How many times does cytokinesis occur in meiosis?

A

Twice

36
Q

What is meisosis?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division that creates gametes; it only occurs in the reproductive organs of organisms that reproduce sexually.

37
Q

How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?

A

4

38
Q

Are daughter cells produced be meiosis identical to each other?

A

No

39
Q

What happens during Meiosis-Ⅰ?

A

Homologous chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell, and separated.

40
Q

What happens during Meiosis-ⅠⅠ?

A

Sister chromatids are lined up in the middle of the cell, beore being separated.

41
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

4 genetically unique haploid cells.

42
Q

What are alleles?

A

A variant of a gene for a particular trait.

43
Q

What is a gene?

A

A relatively small section of DNA that is a distinct inheritable unit. For example, it may code for a specific protein.

44
Q

What is crossing over?

A

A process that occurs during meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange some genetic material.

45
Q

Describe the shape of DNA.

A

The shape of DNA is known as a double-helix, consisting of two strands that wrap around each other.

46
Q

Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?

A

In eukaryotic cells, it is wrapped tightly into coiled structures called chromosomes. This is found in the membrane-bound nucleus of all cells.

47
Q

Describe DNA in prokaryotic cells.

A

In prokaryotes, DNA is in a single circular strand, found primarily in the nucleoid region. However, some genetic material can be found in plasmids.

48
Q

Why is DNA replication important?

A

It ensures that each new cell formed receives a complete genetic code; this is essential for correct function.

49
Q

How is DNA replication controlled?

A

DNA replication is controlled in cells by various enzymes and other proteins.

50
Q

What is the first step of DNA replication?

A

At the beginning of replication, helicase (an enzyme) unwinds the two strands, creating a replication fork. One new strand is called the leading strand, and one the lagging strand.

51
Q

What enzyme helps unwind DNA during replication?

A

Helicase.

52
Q

Describe the structure of the “lagging strand” in DNA replication.

A

It is made of multiple pieces that are joined together.

53
Q

Describe the structure of the “leading strand” in DNA replication.

A

The leading strand is made of one continuous piece.

54
Q

What is the role of DNA polymerase?

A

DNA polymerase assists this process of nucleotides being added to the new strands, along with many other enzymes/proteins.

55
Q

What are the three sources of varitaion in sexual reproduction?

A

Fertilisation, independent assortment, and crossing over.

56
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Meiosis randomly separates the homologous chromosomes.

57
Q

Is cell replication by mitosis important for the continuity of a species?

A

Yes. In asexual reproduction, offspring are created using mitosis. In all multicellular species, offspring need mitosis for growth and repair in order to survive, so that they can reproduce.

HSC Biology (4 decks)

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