Module 5 : Peripheral Arterial System Part 1 Flashcards
14 risk factors for peripheral arterial disease
- diabetic
- hypertension
- hyperlipidemia
- coronary artery disease
- previous history of CVA or MI
- smoking
- age
- family history
- male
- obesity
- sedentary lifestyle
- elevated levels of homocysteine
- excessive levels of C-reactive protein
- history of radiation
Why diabetes is a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease
- atherosclerosis
- medial wall calcification common
- high incidence of gangrenous changes leading to amputation
what arteries have high incidence of occlusion with diabetes
- popliteal
- tibial
why is hypertension a risk for peripheral arterial disease
- increased incidence of peripheral and cerebral atherosclerosis
why is smoking a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease
- irritates endothelial lining and causes vasoconstriction
what are 4 physical signs of peripheral arterial disease
- skin changes
- palpations
- auscultations
- limb pressures
what are the 9 skin changes that can occur with peripheral arterial disease
- pallor
- rubor
- dependant rubor
- cyanosis
- temperature
- ulcers
- gangrene
- trophic changes
- capillary refill time
what is pallor
- pale color secondary to deficient blood supply
what is rubor
- dark reddish color or discolouration from dilated or damaged vessels
what is dependant rubor
- limb takes on pallor when elevated but becomes abnormally red when hanging dependant
what is cyanosis
- bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes that results from a concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin
how does skin temperature change with peripheral arterial disease
- skin feels cool to the touch
what are ulcers
- deep, irregular shaped areas over the tibial area and are very painful
what is gangrene
- results from death of tissue form absent blood supply
what are trophic changes
- due to lack of nourishment
- shiny, scaly skin, thick toenails and loss of hair
what capillary refill time
- pressure is applied to an area of the skin and released
- color return should be immediate
- increase in this time indication of poor arterial supply
how to grade and check pulses
- graded from 0-4 where 0 is no pulse and 4 is a bounding pulse
- compare sides
- diminished or absent pulses suggest arterial insufficiency
what kind of pulse with an aneurysm have
- bounding pulses
what is a bruit
- abnormal low frequency sounds that can be caused by a significant stenosis graded from 1-3
- in a > 90% stenosis bruit is not heard
what does a difference in limb pressures indicate
- difference in pressures side to side may indicate disease or > 20 mmHg in upper and low extremity
what are 4 symptoms of peripheral arterial disease
- claudication (intermittent)
- ischemic rest pain
- necrosis
- pseudoclaudication
what is intermittent claudication
- muscle pain that occurs during exercise but subsides at rest
what is claudication caused by
- lack of blood supply to a group of muscles
is claudication reproducible
- yes
what are 4 common sites of claudication
- hip
- thigh
- butt
- calf
where is the site of disease relative to where the claudication occurs
- proximal
what does butt claudication suggest
- distal aortoiliac disease
what does which claudication suggest
- distal external iliac/CFA disease
what does calf claudication suggest
- femoral / popliteal disease
what is ischemic rest pain indicate
- always an indicator of advanced multisegment disease
- precursor to limb loss unless treated
what is the pain with ischemic rest pain
- severe and CONSTANT
what area is usually affected by ischemic rest pain
- dorm (top) of foot and toes
does rest relieve ascetic rest pain
- no
what is necrosis
- tissue death
- end stage of absent blood supply
what is the most severe symptom of ischemic rest pain
- necrosis
what is pseudoclaudication
- pain caused by other factors such such as degenerative joint disease, spinal stenosis, herniated discs
is pseudoclaudication reproducible
- no