Module 5: Part II Respiration & Gas Exchange Flashcards
T or F
A respiratory system must be moist in order to function, no matter the species.
T
What is partial pressure (pp)?
The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases.
At sea level, atmospheric pressure = … mmHg
760
Usually air contains …% O2
21
What is Henry’s law?
solubility of gas in liquid is directly proportional to pp of that gas in equilibrium with the liquid.
T or F
Gases diffuse from regions of low partial pressure to regions of high partial pressure.
F
high and low is vice versa.
T or F
When you inhale your diaphragm and rib muscles relax.
F
They contract
T or F
When the diaphragm and rib muscles contract, the volume of the lungs increases.
T
T or F
When the lungs expand, air pressure in the lungs rises.
F
air pressure in the lungs drops
What causes air to travel into the lungs during respiration?
Air travels from areas of high pp to low pp. The pp of the lungs drops when the diaphragm and rib muscles relax, causing air pressure to increase and air to flow into the lungs.
T or F
When lung volume decreases, air pressure increases
T
Put the following in order of the path of air to the lungs:
Bronchioles
Oral cavity (mouth or nose)
Alveolus
Trachea
Bronchi
Oral cavity (mouth or nose)
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolus
Each alveolus is surrounded by…
capillaries
Oxygen diffuses from the … to the lungs
alveolus
…. diffuses from the blood to the alveolus
Carbon dioxide
As blood flows through the capillaries surrounding an alveolus it becomes rich in …
oxygen
In the blood, oxygen diffuses into … and binds to …
red blood cells
hemoglobin
T or F
Hemoglobin is an enzyme
F
It is a protein
How many subunits does hemoglobin have?
4
How many oxygen molecules can bind to each hemoglobin subunit?
1
Oxygen-rich blood flows from the lungs to the …
heart
T or F
Oxygen can diffuse from a red blood cell into a muscle cell
T
Oxygen is used by a cell’s … to produce … during cellular respiration
mitochondria
ATP
…. is released as a waste product during cellular respiration
Carbon dioxide
T or F
Carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries to cells
F
vice versa.
T or F
Some carbon dioxide stays in the plasma during transportation to the lungs
T
What happens to most carbon dioxide in the blood?
Most carbon dioxide in the blood enters red blood cells. Some bind to hemoglobin, the rest is converted to bicarbonate which diffuses into the plasma.
T or F
Oxygen-poor blood travels directly from the capillaries to the lungs
F
It traves back to the heart first
What does the term “Gas Exchange” refer to?
The uptake of oxygen and the discharge of carbon dioxide
What is partial pressure?
The pressure exerted by one particular gas in a mixture of gases.
What is the atmospheric pressure of air at sea level?
760 mmHg
What does Henry’s law state?
At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid.
What two features are needed in order for simple passive diffusion to occur in either the lungs or gills?
A large surface area and a thin cell membrane
T or F
Both lungs and gills are linked with blood circulation.
T
T or F
The partial pressure of oxygen is the same both in air and in water.
T
However, the availability of that oxygen is very different between air and water
What is the pp of oxygen?
160 mmHg
How many ml of oxygen is available per L of air?
210ml
How many ml of oxygen is available per L of water?
4-8ml
How many iron atoms does a hemoglobin have?
4
How many heme groups does a hemoglobin have?
4
How many O2 molecules can bind to myoglobin?
1
What does the following phrase mean?
“Hemoglobin shows positive cooperativity”
This means that when hemoglobin binds a single oxygen, it causes the other heme groups to become much more likely to bind other oxygen molecules.
T or F
More oxygen molecules bind to hemoglobin during exercise.
F
O2 is unloaded from hemoglobin to tissues during exercise
T or F
During exercise CO2 builds up in the body.
T
T or F
Oxygen saturation is decreased during exercise
T
T or F
Rising CO2 cause pH to rise
F
pH falls with rising CO2
Why do fetuses have more oxygen available than their mothers even when their mothers are running?
The hemoglobins in a fetus have different polypeptide chains which cause them to retain oxygen availability.
T or F
Insects inhale air from their oral cavities like humans
F
insects inhale air from a series of external openings on their bodies
T or F
Humans have thousands of alveoli
F
millions
T or F
Humans experience positive pressure breathing
F
negative pressure
What does negative pressure breathing mean?
inhalation lowers the air pressure in the lungs, making the pressure “negative.” This creates a vacuum effect that sucks oxygen in.
The … sac forms a double membrane surrounding the lung
pleural
T or F
Interpleural pressure is subatmospheric
T
In homeostasis the pH of blood is…
about 7.4
Sensors in the … and … detect decreases in blood pH
carotid arteries
the aorta
The medulla detects a decrease in pH of the…
cerebrospinal fluid
Respiratory … transport gases in blood
pigments
What does Fick’s law of diffusion state?
the rate at which a molecule moves through a material is proportional to the concentration gradient (the difference in concentrations) between the two ends of the material; and inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane.
T or F
Gasses diffuse up pressure gradients
F
down
T or F
Humans have haemocyanin in their blood
F
arthropods and molluscs do
T or F
All invertebrates and vertebrates have hemoglobin
F
Not all invertebrates do
T or F
The partial pressure of both O2 and CO2 varies in different parts of the circulatory system
T
What is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 when inhaled?
O2 = 160mmHg
CO2 = 0.2mmHg
What is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 when exhaled?
O2 = 120mmHg
CO2 = 27mmHg
T or F
How do diving mammals not suffocate when spending extended periods of time underwater?
They have huge spleens that can store large amounts of blood.
They have large volumes of blood.
They have high concentrations of myoglobin in muscles
They conserve O2 during a dive by decreasing their heart rate and blood supply to muscles
What is the Bohr effect?
Increases in the carbon dioxide partial pressure of blood or decreases in blood pH result in a lower affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. This yields enhanced unloading of oxygen by hemoglobin.
