Module 5: Part I Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Cells constantly exchange … and … for CO2 and waste.
O2 and nutrients
How long would it take an oxygen molecule to diffuse a distance of 1cm?
3 hours
What are the two types of circulatory systems?
Open and closed.
Which type of circulatory system has hemolymph?
An open circulatory system
Which type of circulatory system has interstitial fluid?
A closed circulatory system
What are some advantages of an open circulatory system?
simple, easy to maintain, less energy/lower pressures
What are some advantages of a closed circulatory system?
higher pressures = increased efficiency for meeting high metabolic demand
What is the difference between an amphibians double circulation and a mammals double circulation?
An amphibian’s double circulation shares one ventricle between both sides of the heart. A mammals has one individual ventricle for each side of the heart.
What is the formula for cardiac output?
Cardiac output:
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
What happens in the systole phase of the heartbeat?
contraction/pumping
What happens in the diastole phase of the heartbeat?
relaxation/filling
What happens in phase 1 of a heartbeat?
Atrioventricular valves undergo diastole (open and fill)
What happens in phase 2 of a heartbeat?
Atrial systole; ventricular diastole
What happens in phase 3 of a heartbeat?
Atrioventricular values close
Semilunar values open
Ventricular systole; atrial diastole
T or F
Some cardiac muscle cells are self-excitable.
T
What is special about pacemaker cells in the heart?
They can generate their own action potentials and spread that action potential to non-pacemaker cells.
Cardiac pacemaker cells are mostly found in the …
sinoatrial (SA) node
T or F
The sinoatrial (SA) node sets the rate and timing at which all
cardiac muscle cells contract.
T
Impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node travel to the …
atrioventricular (AV) node
at the … node, impulses are delayed.
atrioventricular (AV) node
After travelling to the atrioventricular node where do signals go?
to the Purkinje fibers
What do Purkinje fibers do?
make the ventricles contract.
… and … nervous systems act in concert to regulate heart rate.
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
T or F
Hormones secreted into the blood cannot influence the rate of heart contraction.
F
T or F
Body temperature is another input that regulates heart rate.
T
All blood vessels… and …
Are built of similar tissues, have three similar layers
Where does the critical exchange of substances between
the blood and interstitial fluid occur?
across the thin endothelial
walls of the capillaries
T or F
Plasma proteins generally cannot cross the capillary wall.
T
Exchangeable proteins are
moved across capillary walls by ….
vesicular transport
T or F
At the venule end of a capillary,
osmotic pressure is less than
blood pressure
F
vice versa.
T or F
Capillaries in major organs are usually filled to capacity.
T
Explain the two mechanisms that regulate the distribution of blood in capillary beds.
- Contraction of the smooth muscle layer in the wall of an arteriole constricts the vessel.
- Precapillary sphincters control the flow of blood between arterioles and venules.
T or F
The velocity of blood flow is the same across the circulatory system.
F
It differs across the system.
Blood flow velocity is the slowest in the…
capillary beds.
Why is blood flow velocity slowest in the capillary beds?
as a result of the high resistance and large total cross-sectional area.
Define blood pressure.
Is the hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.
Define systolic pressure.
the pressure in the arteries during
ventricular systole.
T or F
Systolic pressure is the highest pressure in the arteries.
T
Define diastolic pressure.
the pressure in the arteries during
diastole.
T or F
Diastolic pressure is higher than systolic pressure.
F
it is lower.
T or F
Blood pressure is determined partly by cardiac output.
T
Does vasodilation cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
decrease
…% of fluid leaving the capillaries re-enters due to osmotic pressure.
85%
What happens to fluid leaving the capillaries that does not return via osmotic pressure?
The remaining fluid is returned to the blood via the lymphatic system.
Lymphatic vessels return … to the blood via two large ducts that drain into veins near the …
lymph
shoulders
Lymph nodes are filled with masses of … cells.
defense
T or F
Blood consists of several kinds of cells.
T
Cellular elements occupy about …% of the volume of blood.
45%
…% of whole blood consists of plasma
55%
Platelets and white blood cells make up …% of whole blood.
1%
Name the 5 leukocytes
Basophil, Neutrophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte and monocyte.
Erythrocytes have a lifespan
of .. to … months
3-4
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
T cells and B cells
Which organ produces erythropoietin?
Kidney
Erythrocytes develop in ….
bone marrow
What is blood doping?
Blood doping is the process of increasing the number of erythrocytes in the blood to enhance athletic performance
What are the dangers of blood doping?
- Infection
- Increased HCT/viscosity - ? Heart failure
What purpose do erythrocytes serve?
They increase the O2 carrying capacity of the blood.
When is a platelet plug formed?
When the endothelium of a blood vessel is damaged.
A platelet plug will become a ….
Fibrin clot
List some factors that can affect blood clotting.
Platelets
Damaged cells
Plasma (factors including calcium and vitamin K)
T or F
Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death globally and in Australia
T
… serves as a linking molecule between platelets forming a platelet plug.
Fibrinogen
Which organ produces fibrinogen?
The liver
… turns fibrinogen into fibrin.
Thrombin
… is transformed into thrombin by prothrombinase
Prothrombin
What is Atherosclerosis?
the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls.
What is a heart attack?
the death of cardiac muscle tissue
resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries.
What is a stroke?
the death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head.
Voice sounds are produced by the…
larynx
The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air.
nasal cavity
In negative pressure breathing, inhalation results from…
contracting the diaphragm.
Diffusion rate is proportional to…
the square of the distance molecules/ions travel.
Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because…
the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.
The Bohr shift on the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in …
pH
