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BIOM1051 > Module 5: Part I Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Module 5: Part I Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cells constantly exchange … and … for CO2 and waste.

A

O2 and nutrients

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2
Q

How long would it take an oxygen molecule to diffuse a distance of 1cm?

A

3 hours

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3
Q

What are the two types of circulatory systems?

A

Open and closed.

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4
Q

Which type of circulatory system has hemolymph?

A

An open circulatory system

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5
Q

Which type of circulatory system has interstitial fluid?

A

A closed circulatory system

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6
Q

What are some advantages of an open circulatory system?

A

simple, easy to maintain, less energy/lower pressures

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7
Q

What are some advantages of a closed circulatory system?

A

higher pressures = increased efficiency for meeting high metabolic demand

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8
Q

What is the difference between an amphibians double circulation and a mammals double circulation?

A

An amphibian’s double circulation shares one ventricle between both sides of the heart. A mammals has one individual ventricle for each side of the heart.

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9
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output:
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

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10
Q

What happens in the systole phase of the heartbeat?

A

contraction/pumping

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11
Q

What happens in the diastole phase of the heartbeat?

A

relaxation/filling

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12
Q

What happens in phase 1 of a heartbeat?

A

Atrioventricular valves undergo diastole (open and fill)

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13
Q

What happens in phase 2 of a heartbeat?

A

Atrial systole; ventricular diastole

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14
Q

What happens in phase 3 of a heartbeat?

A

Atrioventricular values close
Semilunar values open
Ventricular systole; atrial diastole

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15
Q

T or F
Some cardiac muscle cells are self-excitable.

A

T

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16
Q

What is special about pacemaker cells in the heart?

A

They can generate their own action potentials and spread that action potential to non-pacemaker cells.

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17
Q

Cardiac pacemaker cells are mostly found in the …

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

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18
Q

T or F
The sinoatrial (SA) node sets the rate and timing at which all
cardiac muscle cells contract.

A

T

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19
Q

Impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node travel to the …

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

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20
Q

at the … node, impulses are delayed.

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

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21
Q

After travelling to the atrioventricular node where do signals go?

A

to the Purkinje fibers

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22
Q

What do Purkinje fibers do?

A

make the ventricles contract.

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23
Q

… and … nervous systems act in concert to regulate heart rate.

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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24
Q

T or F
Hormones secreted into the blood cannot influence the rate of heart contraction.

A

F

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25
Q

T or F
Body temperature is another input that regulates heart rate.

A

T

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26
Q

All blood vessels… and …

A

Are built of similar tissues, have three similar layers

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27
Q

Where does the critical exchange of substances between
the blood and interstitial fluid occur?

A

across the thin endothelial
walls of the capillaries

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28
Q

T or F
Plasma proteins generally cannot cross the capillary wall.

A

T

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29
Q

Exchangeable proteins are
moved across capillary walls by ….

A

vesicular transport

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30
Q

T or F
At the venule end of a capillary,
osmotic pressure is less than
blood pressure

A

F
vice versa.

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31
Q

T or F
Capillaries in major organs are usually filled to capacity.

A

T

32
Q

Explain the two mechanisms that regulate the distribution of blood in capillary beds.

A
  1. Contraction of the smooth muscle layer in the wall of an arteriole constricts the vessel.
  2. Precapillary sphincters control the flow of blood between arterioles and venules.
33
Q

T or F
The velocity of blood flow is the same across the circulatory system.

A

F
It differs across the system.

34
Q

Blood flow velocity is the slowest in the…

A

capillary beds.

35
Q

Why is blood flow velocity slowest in the capillary beds?

A

as a result of the high resistance and large total cross-sectional area.

36
Q

Define blood pressure.

A

Is the hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.

37
Q

Define systolic pressure.

A

the pressure in the arteries during
ventricular systole.

38
Q

T or F
Systolic pressure is the highest pressure in the arteries.

A

T

39
Q

Define diastolic pressure.

A

the pressure in the arteries during
diastole.

40
Q

T or F
Diastolic pressure is higher than systolic pressure.

A

F
it is lower.

41
Q

T or F
Blood pressure is determined partly by cardiac output.

A

T

42
Q

Does vasodilation cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

decrease

43
Q

…% of fluid leaving the capillaries re-enters due to osmotic pressure.

A

85%

44
Q

What happens to fluid leaving the capillaries that does not return via osmotic pressure?

A

The remaining fluid is returned to the blood via the lymphatic system.

45
Q

Lymphatic vessels return … to the blood via two large ducts that drain into veins near the …

A

lymph
shoulders

46
Q

Lymph nodes are filled with masses of … cells.

A

defense

47
Q

T or F
Blood consists of several kinds of cells.

A

T

48
Q

Cellular elements occupy about …% of the volume of blood.

A

45%

49
Q

…% of whole blood consists of plasma

A

55%

50
Q

Platelets and white blood cells make up …% of whole blood.

A

1%

51
Q

Name the 5 leukocytes

A

Basophil, Neutrophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte and monocyte.

52
Q

Erythrocytes have a lifespan
of .. to … months

A

3-4

53
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells and B cells

54
Q

Which organ produces erythropoietin?

A

Kidney

55
Q

Erythrocytes develop in ….

A

bone marrow

56
Q

What is blood doping?

A

Blood doping is the process of increasing the number of erythrocytes in the blood to enhance athletic performance

57
Q

What are the dangers of blood doping?

A
  • Infection
  • Increased HCT/viscosity - ? Heart failure
58
Q

What purpose do erythrocytes serve?

A

They increase the O2 carrying capacity of the blood.

59
Q

When is a platelet plug formed?

A

When the endothelium of a blood vessel is damaged.

60
Q

A platelet plug will become a ….

A

Fibrin clot

61
Q

List some factors that can affect blood clotting.

A

Platelets
Damaged cells
Plasma (factors including calcium and vitamin K)

62
Q

T or F
Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death globally and in Australia

A

T

63
Q

… serves as a linking molecule between platelets forming a platelet plug.

A

Fibrinogen

64
Q

Which organ produces fibrinogen?

A

The liver

65
Q

… turns fibrinogen into fibrin.

A

Thrombin

66
Q

… is transformed into thrombin by prothrombinase

A

Prothrombin

67
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls.

68
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

the death of cardiac muscle tissue
resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries.

69
Q

What is a stroke?

A

the death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head.

70
Q

Voice sounds are produced by the…

A

larynx

71
Q

The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air.

A

nasal cavity

72
Q

In negative pressure breathing, inhalation results from…

A

contracting the diaphragm.

73
Q

Diffusion rate is proportional to…

A

the square of the distance molecules/ions travel.

74
Q

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because…

A

the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.

75
Q

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in …

A

pH

BIOM1051 (5 decks)

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