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MCB LEC > Module 5 Microbial Metabolism (PPT) > Flashcards

Module 5 Microbial Metabolism (PPT) Flashcards

1
Q

bacterial products examples (commercially or medically important)

A

i.e. Lactococcus and Lactobacillus, Streptococcus mutans

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2
Q

microorganisms that are important in laboratory (identification of microorganisms) (3)

A

(i.e. E. coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter)

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3
Q
  1. oxidative ; exergonic (releases energy); breaking down
  2. reductive ; endergonic; building up
A
  1. Catabolism
  2. Anabolism
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4
Q

Energy Source: Sunlight
Carbon Source: Carbon dioxide

A

Photoautotroph

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5
Q

Energy Source: Sunlight
Carbon Source: Organic compounds

A

Photoheterotroph

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6
Q

Energy Source: Inorganic chemicals
Carbon Source: Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen Source: Inorganic

A

Chemolithoautotroph

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7
Q

Energy Source: Organic compounds
Carbon Source: Organic compounds
Nitrogen Source: Organic or Inorganic

A

Chemoorganoheterotroph

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8
Q

Energy Source: Sunlight
Carbon Source: Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen Source: Inorganic
Hydrogen Source: H2S or H2

A

Bacteria

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9
Q

Energy Source: Sunlight
Carbon Source: Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen Source: Inorganic
Hydrogen Source: Photolysis of H20

A

Cyanobacteria

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10
Q

Energy Source: Sunlight
Carbon Source: Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen Source: Inorganic
Hydrogen Source: Organic compounds

A

Photoorganotrophic Bacteria

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11
Q
  • “sugar splitting”
  • occurs in cytosol of bacteria
  • converts glucose (6-C) to pyruvate (3-C)
  • can occur in the absence of oxygen
  • enzyme-mediated
A

Glycolysis

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12
Q

Glycolysis order (11)

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose 6-phosphate
  3. Fructose 6-phosphate
  4. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
  5. (optional) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  6. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
  7. 1,3-Bisphosphate glycerate
  8. 3-Phosphoglycerate
  9. 2-Phosphoglycerate
  10. Phosphoenolpyruvate
  11. pyruvate
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13
Q

10 enzymes in glycosis

A
  1. Hexokinase
  2. Phosphoglucoisomerase
  3. Phosphofructokinase
  4. Aldolase
  5. Triose Phosphate isomerase
  6. Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
  7. Phosphoglycerokinase
  8. Phosphoglyceromutase
  9. Enolase
  10. Pyruvate kinase
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14
Q

Glycolysis gross energy yield and net energy yield

A
  • gross energy yield = 4 ATP + 2 NADH
  • net energy yield = 2 ATP + 2 NADH
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15
Q
  • phosphogluconate pathway or hexose monophosphate shunt
  • other metabolic pathway used by cells to break down glucose
A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

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16
Q
  • generates NADPH, ribose 5-phosphate, and erythrose 4-phosphate
    (intermediates)
A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

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17
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (6)

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose 6-P
  3. 6-Phosphogluconate
  4. Ribulose 5-P
  5. Ribose 5-P -> nucleotide synthesis (opt)
  6. Erythrose 4-P / Xylulose 5-P / Sedoheptulose 7-P
  7. Fructose 6-P / Glyceraldehyde 3-P
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18
Q

aerobic (O2-requiring) breakdown of nutrients with accompanying synthesis
of ATP

A

Aerobic Respiration

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19
Q

Aerobic Respiration comprises three stages in the metabolic breakdown of glucose

A

❑ transition step/conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
❑ Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle
❑ oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

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20
Q

Aerobic Respiration takes place in the

A

cytoplasm

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21
Q
  • pyruvate converted to acetyl coenzyme A
A

Transition Step

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22
Q

Transition Step

  • removal of carboxyl group from pyruvate and given off as ________
  • 2-C compound is oxidized, ______ is reduced to _______
  • _________ joins the 2-C compound forming acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
A
  • CO2
  • NAD+ -> NADH
    *coenzyme A
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23
Q

Transition Step energy yield (per glucose):

A

2 NADH

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24
Q
  • named after Hans Krebs
  • also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle
  • yields more energy than glycolysis
A

Krebs Cycle

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25
Q

Krebs Cycle (8)

A
  1. Acetyl-CoA (release CoA) + Oxaloacetae
  2. Citrate
  3. Isocitrate: (NADH, H+, CO2)
  4. α-ketoglurate: (ATP, NADH, H+ , CO2)
  5. succinyl CoA
  6. succinate: (FADH2)
  7. fumarate
  8. Malate: (NADH, H+)
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26
Q

Krebs Cycle energy yield (per glucose)

A

2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2

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27
Q
  • final stage of cellular respiration
  • “big energy payoff” stage
  • uses electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
  • located in the cell membrane
A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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28
Q

membrane-embedded electron carriers that pass electrons sequentially from one to another

A

electron transport chain

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29
Q

movement of ions (H+) down their electrochemical gradient that generates ATP

A

chemiosmosis

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30
Q

Electron carriers (4)

A
  • I – flavoprotein (flavin monunucleotide)
  • II – Fe-S protein
  • Quinone (Q)- non-protein mobile carrier ; aka CoQ
  • Cytochrome (C) – mobile carrier; Q to oxygen
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31
Q

– enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
- uses energy of ion gradient top power ATP synthesis

A

ATP synthase

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32
Q

Prokaryotes have varied types and arrangement of electron transport chain components which could provide a mechanism to distinguish certain types of
bacteria for example

A

cytochrome production of Pseudomonas and Campylobacter

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33
Q

Detects the presence of an enzyme “oxidase” produced by certain bacteria which will reduce the dye – tetramethyl-p-phenylene diamine dihydrochloride.

is used to identify bacteria that produce cytochrome c oxidase, an enzyme of the bacterial electron transport chain

Positive test is indicated by the development of a purple colour.

A

OXIDASE TEST

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34
Q

Oxidase positive (3) PURPLE COLOR

A

Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Neisseria

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35
Q

Oxidase negative (2)

A

– Salmonella, Shigella

36
Q

Energy Conversion
* 1 NADH
* 1 FADH2

A
  • 1 NADH = 3 ATP
  • 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP
37
Q
  • oxygen is not the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
  • anaerobic or facultative bacteria
  • less amount of energy is released in the reduction of inorganic chemicals
    other than molecular oxygen
A

Anaerobic Respiration

38
Q

t or f

aerobic respiration less efficient form of energy transformation than anaerobic Respiration

A

F

Anaerobic Respiration is less efficient form of energy transformation than aerobic respiration

39
Q

Anaerobic Respiration examples

A
  • Nitrate reduction E.coli (FAD, FeS, Q, cyt b, Mo) ETC
  • sulfate reduction
  • carbon dioxide reduction
40
Q

Nitrate reduction ex

A

E.coli (FAD, FeS, Q, cyt b, Mo) ETC

41
Q

sulfate reduction ex

A

(i.e. Desulfovibro)

42
Q

carbon dioxide reduction ex

A

(i.e. Methanobacterium and Methanococcus)

43
Q
  • makes a few ATP molecules
  • Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are shut down
  • organic molecule accepts the electrons (not O2)
A

Fermentation

44
Q

Fermentation example

A

E. coli (use any of the three ATP generating options), LAB (obligate fermenters), obligate anaerobes

45
Q

Fermentation

  • Lactic acid
  • Ethanol
A
  • Lactic acid : animals
  • Ethanol: Yeast
46
Q

Terminal Electron Acceptor of:

-lactic acid
-ethanol
-2,3-butanediol

A
  • pyruvate
  • acetaldehyde
  • acetoin
47
Q

lactic acid fermentation products

A

Cheese, yogurt, pickles, cured sausages
Causes tooth decay, spoilage of some food

48
Q

Ethanol and CO2 fermentation products

A

wine, beer, spirits, bread
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas)

49
Q

Example of Products/Importance

  • Butyric acid fermentation
  • Propionic acid fermentation
A

Clostridium
Swiss cheese (Propionibacterium)

50
Q

Lactic acid, succinic acid, ethanol, acetic acid, carbon dioxide, gases fermentation

Differentiate members of Enterobacteriaceae

A

Mixed Acids fermentation

51
Q

IMViC test / MR/VP test

  • used to identify bacterial species, especially coliforms
A

methyl red test:
- (+) red: E.coli
- (-) yellow/orange: Klebsiella

Voges-Proskauer test
- (+) pink: Klebsiella
- (-) no pink: E.coli

52
Q

streptococcus, lactobacillus, bacillus end products of fermentation

A

lactic acid

53
Q

Saccharomyces fermentation product

A

ethanol and co2

54
Q

propionibacterium fermentation product

A

propionic acid, acetic acid, CO2, and H2

55
Q

Clostridium fermentation product

A

Butyric acid, butanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and CO2

56
Q

Escherichia and Salmonella fermentation product

A

Ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, CO2 and H2

57
Q

Enterobacter fermentation product

A

Ethanol, lactic acid, formic acid, butanediol, acetoin, CO2, and H2

58
Q

process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy

A

photosynthesis

59
Q

photosynthesis takes place in

A

cell membrane

60
Q
  • contains chlorophyll or chlorophyll-like pigments
  • thylakoid membranes (cyanobacteria)
  • chlorosomes (green bacteria)
  • extensive cell membrane invaginations (purple bacteria)

FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS

A

cell membrane

61
Q

intermediary product and major end product of photosynthesis

A

ATP (intermediary product) and glucose (major end-product)

62
Q

prokaryotes that undergoes photosynthesis

A

green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, cyanobacteria

63
Q

prokaryotes that undergoes photosynthesis

A

diatoms, dinoflagellates, algae

64
Q

T OR F

photosynthesis occurs in the same manner as eukaryotic microorganisms and green plants

65
Q

Mg-containing green pigment that absorbs light energy

A

chlorophyll a

66
Q

light-receiving systems

A

photosystems I and II

67
Q

chlorophylls of purple and green photosynthetic bacteria

A

bacteriochlorophylls

68
Q

accessory pigments of photosynthetic prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

carotenoids

69
Q

accessory pigments of cyanobacteria
and red algae

A

phycobilins

70
Q

can be found on photosystems (3)

A
  • chlorophylls and accessory pigments
  • reaction center pigments
  • antennae pigments –
71
Q

electron donors in photosynthetic process

A

reaction center pigments

72
Q

– “funnel”, make up antenna complex

A

antennae pigments

73
Q
  • photophosphorylation – light is involved in ATP formation
  • energy-fixing reactions
  • oxygenic – produces oxygen in photosynthesis
A

light-dependent reaction

74
Q

reaction center of the two photosystems

A

II - P680
I - P700

75
Q

The three products of the light reaction of photosynthesis are

A

ATP, NADPH, and O2

76
Q

Phases of Light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle) (3)

A
  1. Carbon Fixation
  2. Reduction
  3. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor
77
Q

catalyzes a reaction between CO2 and RuBP, which forms a six-carbon compound that is immediately converted into two three-carbon compounds.

78
Q

CO2 acceptor in calvin cycle

A

RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate)

79
Q

a sugar output in calvin cycle

A

G3P (Glyceraldehyde-2-phosphate)

80
Q
  • bacteriochlorophylls – chlorophyll-like pigments
  • do not use water as source of hydrogen ions
  • fatty acids and other organic or inorganic substances are used as source of H+ ions
  • no oxygen is liberated
  • anoxygenic

WHAT PROKARYOTE?

A

green sulfur bacteria and purple sulfur bacteria

81
Q

bacteriorhodopsin pigment

A

archaea (extreme halophiles)

82
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis and
pigments (chlorophyll a) as in algae
and plants produces

A

formaldehyde (CH2O)

83
Q

T OR F

All other photosynthetic bacteria (e.g. green sulfurbacteria) have bacterial chlorophyll and anoxic photosynthesis

84
Q

primary light harvesting pigment (oxygenic and anoxygenic)

A

chlorophyll a - oxygenic
bacteriochlorophylls - anoxygenic

85
Q

phycobilins can be found on

A

cyanobacteria

MCB LEC (9 decks)

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