Module 5 Methods in Policy Analysis

Question 1

Criteria

Answer 1

certain standards by which to base (the) policy judgements or decisions

Question 2

certain standards by which to base (the) policy judgements or decisions

Answer 2

Criteria

Question 3

3 distinct Purposes of Criteria

Answer 3

1. Choosing between objectives
2. Choosing between courses of action
3. Evaluating effectiveness of the courses of action followed

Question 4

Complete & Useful Criteria for Broad Policy Decisions

Answer 4

1. Economic Criteria
   A. Cost-Benefit Analysis
   B. Welfare Economics
2. Other Social Criteria
   a. Freedom
   b. Democracy or political equality
   c. Subjective equality
   d. Appropriate inclusion
3. Environmental and Ecological Criteria
4. Public Interest as a Criteria

Question 5

Primary economic problem of forest policy

Answer 5

how to allocate the existing resources among their different possible uses and consequently to the satisfaction of the various possible wants

Question 6

how to allocate the existing resources among their different possible uses and consequently to the satisfaction of the various possible wants

Answer 6

Primary economic problem of forest policy

Question 7

Economic criterion of Cost-Benefit Analysis

Answer 7

An activity should not be undertaken unless its total benefits will exceed its total costs

Question 8

An activity should not be undertaken unless its total
benefits will exceed its total costs

Answer 8

Economic criterion of Cost-Benefit Analysis

Question 9

1A. Cost-Benefit Analysis

External economics and external diseconomies

Answer 9

benefits or costs which affect people other than those who are immediately involved in the activity

Question 10

benefits or costs which affect people other than those who are immediately involved in the activity

Answer 10

1A. Cost-Benefit Analysis

External economics and external diseconomies

Question 11

1A. Cost-Benefit Analysis

May require inclusion of secondary benefits

Answer 11

additional values added by an activity over and above those of the products or services produced directly by it.

Question 11

additional values added by an activity over and above those of the products or services produced directly by it.

Answer 11

1A. Cost-Benefit Analysis

May require inclusion of secondary benefits

Question 12

1A. Cost-Benefit Analysis

Difficulty in measurement

Answer 12

conversion to some units – measuring the unquantifiable

Question 13

Can be used not only to decide whether a policy is economically justified, but also in choosing between alternative policies.

Answer 13

1A. Cost-Benefit Analysis

Question 14

Criterion of 1A. Cost-Benefit Analysis

Answer 14

to achieve maximum net benefit – the greatest possible difference between total benefits and total costs

Question 15

to achieve maximum net benefit – the greatest possible difference between total benefits and total costs

Answer 15

Criterion of 1A. Cost-Benefit Analysis

Question 16

B. Welfare Economics (4)

Answer 16

1. To find the arrangement of the economic universe that is best in terms of the welfare of the members of the society
2. Tools used in welfare economics include cost benefit analysis, social welfare functions, and distributional analysis.
3. Tools are used to evaluate policies and programs, such as taxes, subsidies, and regulations, to determine their impact on social welfare.
4. Two standards of efficient production:
   4A. Achievement of the greatest possible output with given means or achievement of a given output with the smallest means.
   4B. Conformity to the community’s wishes – if all production will be efficient, the economy will be on optimum state

Question 17

Criterion of Welfare Economics

Answer 17

when proposed change will make at least one person better off but will not make any one worse off. Change will increase total welfare.

Question 18

Which Criterion:

when proposed change will make at least one person better off but will not make any one worse off. Change will increase total welfare.

Answer 18

Welfare Economics

Question 19

Conclusion of Economic Criteria

Answer 19

While economic criteria cannot provide a perfect measuring stick which can always be used to determine accurately, and almost mechanically, whether a particular policy is desirable or not, they can provide relevant information in the clear and complete form, which will be most useful in the process of forming policies.

Question 19

2. Other Social Criteria (3)

Answer 19

1. Economic criteria – assumes that it is better to have more rather than less goods and services.
2. Is the policy that will lead to the greatest value of forest products always the most desirable ones?
3. Other criteria as proposed by Dahl:

Question 20

2. Other Social Criteria

Other criteria as proposed by Dahl (4)

Answer 20

1. Freedom
2. Democracy or political equality
3. Subjective equality
4. Appropriate inclusion

Question 21

Freedom

Answer 21

absence of obstacles to the realization of desire.

More freedom is to be preferred than less

Question 22

absence of obstacles to the realization of desire.

More freedom is to be preferred than less

Answer 22

Freedom

Question 23

____ freedom is to be preferred than ____

Answer 23

More, less

Question 24

Democracy or political equality

Answer 24

requires that control of government be shared so that no one’s citizens preferences carry more weight than that of any other.

Question 25

requires that control of government be shared so that no one’s citizens preferences carry more weight than that of any other.

Answer 25

Democracy or political equality

Question 26

Subjective equality (3)

Answer 26

1. refers to a perception or feeling of being equal, rather than an objective or measurable state of equality 2. how individuals experience or interpret equality in a given situation 3. important in social settings, politics, and justice because perceptions influence behavior, trust, and cooperation

Question 27

refers to a perception or feeling of being equal, rather than an objective or measurable state of equality

Answer 27

Subjective equality

Question 28

how individuals experience or interpret equality in a given situation

Answer 28

Subjective equality

Question 29

important in social settings, politics, and justice because perceptions influence behavior, trust, and cooperation

Answer 29

Subjective equality

Question 30

Appropriate inclusion

Answer 30

include the appropriate people in the process of policy formation or in consideration of specific policies

Question 31

include the appropriate people in the process of policy formation or in consideration of specific policies

Answer 31

Appropriate inclusion

Question 32

3. Environmental and Ecological Criteria

Answer 32

Set of standards that ensures that the environmental and ecosystems services will not be compromised given a certain intervention

Question 33

Set of standards that ensures that the environmental and ecosystems services will not be compromised given a certain intervention

Answer 33

Environmental and Ecological Criteria

Question 34

examples of Environmental Criteria

Answer 34

carbon footprint, air and water quality, waste generation and management, energy efficiency, biodiversity conservation, climate resilience and adaptation, land use and soil conservation, ecosystem services impacts, etc.

Question 35

Ecological Criteria examples

Answer 35

carrying capacity, ecological footprints, habitat connectivity and fragmentation, nature-based solutions, cumulative environmental impacts, etc.

Question 36

4. Public Interest as a Criteria (2)

Answer 36

1. A decision is said to serve public interest – if it furthers the end of the larger public instead of some part of the public 2. public interest – if it serves the ends of the whole public rather than those of some sector of the public