Module 5: MENTAL IMAGES AND PROPOSITIONS

Question 1

is a hypothetical entity that is presumed to stand for a perception, thought, memory, or the like during cognitive operations.

Answer 1

MENTAL REPRESENTATION

Question 2

None of us has conscious access to our own knowledge representation processes, and self-reported information and self- reported info about these processes are highly unreliable.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

-is the method of studying psychological processes based on systematic self- observation of thoughts, perceptions, feelings, and bodily sensations.
-observation of one’s mental state
- asking people to describe their own knowledge representations and knowledge
representation processes

Answer 3

introspection

Question 4

-is the knowledge that is derived from reason and logic.
- reliance on reason as the basis for establishment of religious truth.
- a theory that reason is in itself a source of knowledge superior to and independent of sense perceptions

Answer 4

Rationalist Approach

Question 5

refers to the technical problem of encoding human knowledge and reasoning (Automated
Reasoning) into a symbolic language that enables it to be processed by information systems.

Answer 5

Knowledge representation

Question 6

TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURES:
(knowing that)-Refers to facts that can be stated, such as the date of your birth, the name of your best friend, or the way a rabbit looks.

Answer 6

Declarative

Question 7

TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURES
(knowing how)-refers to knowledge of procedures that can be implemented.

Answer 7

Procedural

Question 8

Researchers indirectly study knowledge representation because they cannot look. They observe how people handle various
cognitive tasks that require the manipulation of mentally represented knowledge.

Answer 8

1.Standard Laboratory Experiments.

Question 9

Researchers typically use one of two methods:
(1) they observe how the normal brain responds to various cognitive tasks involving knowledge representation, or
(2) they observe the links between various deficits in knowledge representation and associated pathologies in the brain.

Answer 9

2.Neuropsychological Studies

Question 10

Knowledge can be represented in different ways in your mind: It can be stored as a mental picture, or in words, or
abstract propositions .

Answer 10

COMMUNICATING KNOWLEDGE

Question 11

The picture is relatively analogous (i.e., similar) to the real- world object it represents.

Answer 11

1.Resemble pictorials, Analogous images

Question 12

The relationship between the word and what it represents is simply arbitrary.

Answer 12

2.Symbolic images(verbal/words)

Question 13

More fundamental propositional representations that are in a pure abstract “mentalese” that is neither verbal nor
pictorial, which cognitive psychologists often represent in this highly simplified shorthand.

Answer 13

3.Pure abstract “Mentalese”(neither pictorial nor verbal)

Question 14

is the mental representation of things that are not currently seen or sensed by the sense organs

Answer 14

mental imagery

Question 15

This states that:“Human cognition is unique in that it has become specialized for dealing simultaneously with language and with nonverbal objects and events.

Answer 15

DUAL-CODE THEORY (Allan Paivio)

Question 16

resemble the objects they are representing. For example, trees and rivers might be represented by

Answer 16

Analog codes

Question 17

is a form of knowledge representation that has been chosen arbitrarily to stand for something that does not perceptually resemble what is being represented.

Answer 17

Symbolic codes

Question 18

This suggests that we do not store mental representations in the form of images or mere words. We may experience our mental representations as images, but these images are epiphenomena—secondary and derivative phenomena that occur as a result of other more basic cognitive processes.

Answer 18

PROPOSITIONAL THEORY (Dr. Zenon Pylyshyn,1973)

Question 19

'’Imagery is functionally equivalent to perception to the extent that similar mechanisms in the visual system are activated when
objects or events are imagined as when the same objects or events are actually perceived.

Answer 19

PERCEPTUAL EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE of visual imagery

Question 20

‘Mental imagery is instrumental in retrieving information about the physical properties of objects, or about physical relationships
among objects, that were not explicitly encoded at any previous time.

Answer 20

IMPLICIT ENCODING PRINCIPLE of visual imagery

Question 21

states: ‘‘Imagined transformations and physical
transformations exhibit corresponding dynamics and are governed by the same laws of motion.

Answer 21

TRANSFORMATIONAL EQUIVALENCE principle of visual imagery

Question 22

'’The structure of mental images corresponds to that of actual perceived objects, in the sense that the structure is coherent, well organized, and can be reorganized and reinterpreted.

Answer 22

STRUCTURAL EQUIVALENCE principle of visual imagery