Module 3

Question 1

is the set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we
receive from environmental stimuli.

Answer 1

Perception

Question 2

an innate ability whilst perceptual adaptation and readjustment studies suggest it is a result of
learning.

Answer 2

Perception

Question 3

provided a useful framework for studying perception. He introduced the concepts of distal (external) object, informational medium, proximal stimulation, and perceptual object.

Answer 3

james gibson

Question 4

are objects and events out in the world about you.

Answer 4

Distal stimuli

Question 5

are the patterns of stimuli from these objects and events that actually reach your senses (eyes, ears, etc.)

Answer 5

Proximal stimuli

Question 6

the colored area of your eye. Depending on your eye color, the iris might be any shade of blue, green, hazel or
brown.

Answer 6

Iris

Question 7

a clear layer that extends over the iris. Water and collagen make up the ____.

Answer 7

Cornea

Question 8

the black circle which is an opening or window in the middle of your iris. It expands and contracts to control how much light gets into your eye.

Answer 8

Pupil

Question 9

the white parts of your eye that surround the iris.

Answer 9

Sclera

Question 10

a clear, thin tissue that covers the sclera and lines the inside of your eyelids.

Answer 10

Conjunctiva

Question 11

, which sits behind the pupil. It focuses the light that comes into your eye and sends light to the back of your eye.

Answer 11

Lens

Question 12

a collection of cells that line the inside of the back of your eye.

Answer 12

Retina

Question 13

a small area that’s part of the retina. It’s responsible for central vision and helping you see fine details and color.

Answer 13

Macula

Question 14

which is behind the retina. It carries signals from the retina to your brain which then interprets that visual information to tell you what you are seeing.

Answer 14

Optic Nerve

Question 15

which control your eye’s position and movement, how much light gets into your eye and your eyes’ ability to focus.

Answer 15

Muscles

Question 16

a transparent gel that fills your entire eye. It protects and maintains the shape of the eye.

Answer 16

Vitreous

Question 17

are responsible for vision at low light levels (scotopic vision).

Answer 17

Rods

Question 18

are active at higher light levels (photopic vision), are capable of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity.

Answer 18

Cones

Question 19

Young infants (4 days–5 months old) were shown discs that either were blank or had features

Answer 19

Fantz’s visual preference task (1961)

Question 20

Infants usually develop their sensory and motor abilities in the sensorimotor stage before the age of two and their subsequent interaction with the world aids the development of innate schemas.

Answer 20

Piaget’s enrichment theory

Question 21

A ‘visual cliff’, which was actually a table top, was designed whereby a check pattern was placed under one side (shallow end) and on the floor beneath the top on the other (deep end).

Answer 21

Gibson & Walk’s visual cliff experiment (1960)

Question 22

Perception develops once distinctive features of objects can be transferred across situations and once they can be differentiated from irrelevant stimuli. Such differentiation tends to occur as a product of age.

Answer 22

Differentiation theory

Question 23

Describe approaches where perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye.

Answer 23

Bottom-Up Theories

Question 24

states that people instinctively perceive objects as either being in the foreground or the
background.

eX:Our eye instantly sees a white apple
sitting on a black background.

Answer 24

1.Figure-ground

Question 25

According to this theory, perception comprises not merely a low-level set of cognitive processes, but actually a quite sophisticated set of processes that interact with and are guided by human intelligence.

Answer 25

Top-Down Theories

Question 26

states that things that are close together appear to be more related than things that are
spaced farther apart.
ex: so powerful that it overrides
similarity of color, shape, and other
factors that might differentiate a group of
objects.

Answer 26

Proximity

Question 27

states that when things appear to be similar to each other, we group them together. And we also tend to
eX: there appear to be two
separate and distinct groups based on
shape: the circles and the squares

Answer 27

Similarity

Question 28

states that elements that are arranged on a line or curve are perceived to be more related than elements not on the line or curve.
Ex:The red dots in the curved line seem to be more related to the black dots on the curved line than to the red dots on the straight horizontal line.

Answer 28

Continuity

Question 29

states that when we look at a complex arrangement of visual elements, we
tend to look for a single, recognizable pattern.
Ex: When we look at the image, we most likely see a zebra even though the image is just a collection of black shapes.

Answer 29

Closure

Question 30

states that whatever stands out visually will capture and hold the viewer’s attention first.
EX:When you look at the image , for
example, the first thing you notice is the
red square because it’s different from all
of the black circles around it. It’s the first point of interest that grabs your attention, and from there, your attention moves to other parts of the image.

Answer 30

fOCAL pOINT

Question 30

highly related to proximity. It states
that when objects are located within
the same closed region, we perceive
them as being grouped together.
eX: Adding borders or other visible barriers
is a great way to create a perceived
separation between groups of objects—
even if they have the same proximity,
shape, size, color, etc.

Answer 30

Common Region