Module 3 Flashcards
is the set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we
receive from environmental stimuli.
Perception
an innate ability whilst perceptual adaptation and readjustment studies suggest it is a result of
learning.
Perception
provided a useful framework for studying perception. He introduced the concepts of distal (external) object, informational medium, proximal stimulation, and perceptual object.
james gibson
are objects and events out in the world about you.
Distal stimuli
are the patterns of stimuli from these objects and events that actually reach your senses (eyes, ears, etc.)
Proximal stimuli
the colored area of your eye. Depending on your eye color, the iris might be any shade of blue, green, hazel or
brown.
Iris
a clear layer that extends over the iris. Water and collagen make up the ____.
Cornea
the black circle which is an opening or window in the middle of your iris. It expands and contracts to control how much light gets into your eye.
Pupil
the white parts of your eye that surround the iris.
Sclera
a clear, thin tissue that covers the sclera and lines the inside of your eyelids.
Conjunctiva
, which sits behind the pupil. It focuses the light that comes into your eye and sends light to the back of your eye.
Lens
a collection of cells that line the inside of the back of your eye.
Retina
a small area that’s part of the retina. It’s responsible for central vision and helping you see fine details and color.
Macula
which is behind the retina. It carries signals from the retina to your brain which then interprets that visual information to tell you what you are seeing.
Optic Nerve
which control your eye’s position and movement, how much light gets into your eye and your eyes’ ability to focus.
Muscles
a transparent gel that fills your entire eye. It protects and maintains the shape of the eye.
Vitreous
are responsible for vision at low light levels (scotopic vision).
Rods
are active at higher light levels (photopic vision), are capable of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity.
Cones
Young infants (4 days–5 months old) were shown discs that either were blank or had features
Fantz’s visual preference task (1961)
Infants usually develop their sensory and motor abilities in the sensorimotor stage before the age of two and their subsequent interaction with the world aids the development of innate schemas.
Piaget’s enrichment theory
A ‘visual cliff’, which was actually a table top, was designed whereby a check pattern was placed under one side (shallow end) and on the floor beneath the top on the other (deep end).
Gibson & Walk’s visual cliff experiment (1960)
Perception develops once distinctive features of objects can be transferred across situations and once they can be differentiated from irrelevant stimuli. Such differentiation tends to occur as a product of age.
Differentiation theory
Describe approaches where perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye.
Bottom-Up Theories
states that people instinctively perceive objects as either being in the foreground or the
background.
eX:Our eye instantly sees a white apple
sitting on a black background.
1.Figure-ground
According to this theory, perception comprises not merely a low-level set of cognitive processes, but actually a quite sophisticated set of processes that interact with and are guided by human intelligence.
Top-Down Theories
states that things that are close together appear to be more related than things that are
spaced farther apart.
ex: so powerful that it overrides
similarity of color, shape, and other
factors that might differentiate a group of
objects.
Proximity
states that when things appear to be similar to each other, we group them together. And we also tend to
eX: there appear to be two
separate and distinct groups based on
shape: the circles and the squares
Similarity
states that elements that are arranged on a line or curve are perceived to be more related than elements not on the line or curve.
Ex:The red dots in the curved line seem to be more related to the black dots on the curved line than to the red dots on the straight horizontal line.
Continuity
states that when we look at a complex arrangement of visual elements, we
tend to look for a single, recognizable pattern.
Ex: When we look at the image, we most likely see a zebra even though the image is just a collection of black shapes.
Closure
states that whatever stands out visually will capture and hold the viewer’s attention first.
EX:When you look at the image , for
example, the first thing you notice is the
red square because it’s different from all
of the black circles around it. It’s the first point of interest that grabs your attention, and from there, your attention moves to other parts of the image.
fOCAL pOINT
highly related to proximity. It states
that when objects are located within
the same closed region, we perceive
them as being grouped together.
eX: Adding borders or other visible barriers
is a great way to create a perceived
separation between groups of objects—
even if they have the same proximity,
shape, size, color, etc.
Common Region
