Module 2 Flashcards
It is the field of study linking the brain and other aspects of the nervous system to cognitive
processing and, ultimately, to behavior. The brain is the central processing unit in everything that we do. The organ in our bodies that most directly controls our thoughts, emotions, and motivations
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
is the basis for our ability to perceive, adapt to, and interact with the world around us
nervous system is
is generally the farthest forward, toward what becomes the face. It is the region of the
brain located toward the top and front of the brain.
Forebrain
The forebrain comrprises the
cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia, the
limbic system, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus.
is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres. a vital role in our thinking and other mental processes
cerebral cortex
dysfunction can result in motor deficits. These deficits include tremors, involuntary
movements, changes in posture and muscle tone, and slowness of movement.
basal ganglia
allows us to suppress instinctive responses (e.g., the impulse to strike someone
who accidentally causes us pain).
help us to adapt our behaviors flexibly in
response to our changing environment.
Limbic System
The limbic system comprises three central interconnected cerebral structures:
the septum, the amygdala,and the hippocampus.
is involved in anger and fear.
Septum
plays an important role in emotion as well, especially in anger and aggression
Amygdala
plays an essential role in memory formation .It gets its name from the Greek word
for “seahorse,” its approximate shape.
is essential for flexible learning and for seeing the relations among items learned as well as for spatial memory
hippocampus
A disease that produces loss of memory function is
Korsakoff’s syndrome
relays incoming sensory information through groups of neurons that project to the
appropriate region in the cortex.
thalamus
regulates behavior related to species survival: fighting, feeding, fleeing, and
mating.
hypothalamus
helps to control eye movement and coordination. The midbrain is more important in non-mammals where it is the main source of control for visual and auditory information.
midbrain
is generally farthest from the forebrain, near the back of the neck The hindbrain
comprises the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum.
hindbrain
controls heart activity and largely controls breathing, swallowing, and
digestion.
medulla oblongata
(from Latin,“little brain”) controls bodily coordination, balance, and muscle tone, as well as some aspects of memory involving procedure-related movements
cerebellum
plays an extremely important role in human cognition. It forms a 1- to 3-millimeter layer that wraps the surface of the brain somewhat like the bark of a tree wraps around the trunk.
Cerebral cortex
transmit electrical signals from one location to another in the nervous system
Neurons
neocortex is the part of the brain associated with complex cognition. This tissue can contain
as many as 100,000 neurons per cubic millimeter
neocortex
which contains the nucleus of the cell is responsible for the life of the neuron and connects the dendrites to the axon.
Soma
are branchlike structures that receive information from other neurons, and the soma integrates the information.
dendrites
a white, fatty substance that surrounds some of the axons of the nervous system, which accounts for some of the whiteness of the white matter of the brain.
Myelin sheathes a
are small gaps in the myelin coating along the axon, which serve to increase
conduction speed even more by helping to create electrical signals, also called action potentials, which are then conducted down the axon.
Nodes of Ranvier
toward the front of the brain, is associated with motor processing and higher
thought processes, such as abstract reasoning, problem solving, planning, and judgment
Frontal Lobe
the region toward the front of the frontal lobe, is involved in complex motor
control and tasks that require integration of information over time
prefrontal cortex
at the upper back portion of the brain, is associated with somatosensory
processing. It receives inputs from the neurons regarding touch, pain, temperature sense, and limb
parietal lobe,
directly under your temples, is associated with auditory processing
Temporal Lobe
lobe is associated with visual processing.The occipital lobe is the major visual
processing center in the brain.
Occipital Lobe
is a brain disorder caused by a stroke.
vascular disorder
occur when the flow of blood to
the brain undergoes a sudden disruption.
Stroke
Occurs when a buildup of fatty tissue occurs in blood vessels over a period of years, and a piece of this tissue breaks off and gets lodged in arteries of the brain.
1.Ischemic stroke
occurs when a blood vessel in the brain suddenly breaks. Blood then spills into
surrounding tissue. As the blood spills over, brain cells in the affected areas begin to die.
Hemmorhagic stroke,
also called neoplasms, can affect cognitive functioning in very serious ways.
Brain Tumor
This result from many causes, such as a car accident, contact with a hard object, or a bullet wound.
Head Injuries
an injury to the head area that may cause instant loss of awareness or alertness for a few minutes up to a few hours after the traumatic event.
Concussion
is a break in the skull bone.
SKull fracture
This is the most common type of skull fracture. In a linear fracture, there
is a break in the bone, but it does not move the bone.
Linear Skull Fracture
This type of fracture may be seen with or without a cut in the scalp.
Depressed skull fractures.
These are fractures that occur along the suture lines in the skull. The sutures are the areas between the bones in the head that fuse when we are children.
Diastatic skull fractures.
This is the most serious type of skull fracture, and involves a break in the bone at the
base of the skull.
Basilar skull fracture.
This occurs when a blood clot forms underneath the skull, but on top of the dura, the tough covering that surrounds the brain.
Epidural hematoma.
occur when a blood clot forms underneath the skull and underneath the dura, but outside
of the brain.
Subdural Hematoma
is a bruise to the brain itself. A contusion causes bleeding and swelling inside of the brain
around the area where the head was struck.
Contusion or intracerebral hematoma.
