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PA 1 (RESP 214) > Module 5 Lab Data > Flashcards

Module 5 Lab Data Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of a lab test

A
  • Diagnose
  • Treat
  • Monitor
  • prevent
  • diseases
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2
Q

What lab tests do RT usually assess?

A
  • ABGS
  • Pulmonary secretions
  • pleural fluid samples
  • bronchoscopy samples
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3
Q

Critical value

A

Result that are VERY out of normal range and are potentially life threatening

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4
Q

What are the 4 test parameters that give info to make a diagnosis?

A

True positive
False positive
True negative
False negative

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5
Q

True Positive

A

The test is positive in a patient with disease

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6
Q

False Positive

A

Positive test occurs in a disease free patient

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7
Q

True Negative

A

Negative test in a disease free patient

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8
Q

False Negative

A

Negative test in a patient with disease

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9
Q

Sensitivity

A

Frequency of positive results in patients with disease

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10
Q

Specificity

A

Frequency of negative ntest results in patient without disease.

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11
Q

Total Body Weight Composition

A

Blood 8%

92% = other fluids and tissues

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12
Q

Composition of whole blood

A

Formed elements = 45%
Plasma = 55%
platelets <1%

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13
Q

Composition of whole blood:
Protein (7%)

A

Plasma –>Other solutes

Albumins (57%)
Globulins (38%)
Fibrinogen (4%)
Prothrombin (1%)

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14
Q

Composition of whole blood:

Other solutes (2%)

A

Plasma–>

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15
Q

What role does Albumin have with blood vessels?

A

ALbumin is a protein that keeps water inside the blood vessel.

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16
Q

Third spacing

A

Fluid is not staying in the vessel and they appear puffy

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17
Q

What is Hematology

A

Study of blood

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18
Q

2 branches of Hematology

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Coagulation test

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19
Q

Complete Blood count (CBC)

A

Identifies normal and abnormal values of blood cells

Looking for everything and anything

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20
Q

What does a CBC test include?

A

RBC
WBC
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
WBC differential
Platelet count

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21
Q

Coagulation tests

A

Screen for blood clotting abnormalities

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22
Q

What is a white blood cell differential count?

A

Breakdown of WBC and tells how much of each cell they have.

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23
Q

What is Hematocrit

A

Ratio of volume of RBC to total volume of blood
[percentage of blood made up of RBC]

  • 41-50% = normal men
  • 36-48% = normal women
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24
Q

what do Hematocrit levels indicate?

A

Can tell if a patient is dehydrated.

if the patient is dehydrated, it doesn’t affect their hemoglobin, but it affects their total blood volume and therefore the hematocrit % will be higher.

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25
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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26
Q

Normal Values:

WBC Count

A

3.9-11.7 x10^3/uL

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27
Q

Normal Values:

Neutrophils & bands

A

2.0-8.0 x 10^9/L (40-75%)

Bands:
0-6%

28
Q

Normal Values:

Lymphocytes

A

0.7-3.5 x 10^9/L (20-45%)

29
Q

Normal Values:

Monocytes

A

0.0-1.0 x 10^9/L (2-10%)

30
Q

Normal Values:

Eosinophils

A

0.0-0.7 x 10^9/L (0-6%)

31
Q

Normal Values:

Basophils

A

0.0-0.2 x 10^9/L (0-1%)

32
Q

List the leukocytes differentials in order of most abundant to least abundant.

A

-Neutrophils
-Lymphocytes
-Monocytes
-Eosinophils
-Basophils

33
Q

What is the percentage breakdown for each element in Leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils (60-70%)
Lymphocytes (20-25%)
Monocytes (3 -8%)
Eosinophils (2-4)
Basophils (0.5 - 1%)

34
Q

Which leukocytes have a difference between course and Egans percentage?

A

The two biggest: Neutrophils and lympocytes

Slides: Neutrophils (60-70%)
Lymphocytes (20-25%)

Egans: (40-75) and (20 - 45)

35
Q

What could high WBC count indicate?

A

Could be an indication of infection

-i.e. Pneumonia

36
Q

What are bands?

A

Baby neutrophils

37
Q

What is the function of a white blood cell?

A

-Major component of immune system

-Protects against pathogenic microorganisms, foreign antigens

-Develop in bone marrow or lymphoid tissues

-Released into peripheral blood when mature

38
Q

Abnormalities in the WBC count:

Neutrophilia/Neutropenia

A
  • Increased neutrophils
  • Decreased neutrophils
39
Q

WBC Abnormalities:

Leukocytosis

A

Increased WBC

Cause: infection, inflammation, stress

40
Q

Why is high WBC a problem when not controlled?

A

Unable to produce RBCS

41
Q

WBC Abnormalities:

Leukopenia

A

Decreased WBC

Cause:
Drug toxicity
Bone marrow failure
Autoimmune reactions

42
Q

Neutropenia

A

Sign of decreased bone marrow production

OR

Increased destruction of neutrophils in peripheral blood/tissue

43
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Fight infection; promote immunity

44
Q

Monocyte

A

Immediate and sustained response to inflammation/infection

engulfs stuff.

45
Q

Eosinophil

A

immune system regulation

think allergic reactions

46
Q

Basophils

A

immune system regulation

47
Q

difference between Basophils and Eosinophils?

A

Basophils are largely circulating cells, but home to areas of allergic inflammation during the late phase response.

Eosinophils are resident to the GI tract, but also home to allergic inflammatory sites.

48
Q

What shared function do Basophils and Eosinophils have?

A

Defense against parasites or allergic reactions, but also they play important roles in:

  • Sntigen presentation
  • Immune memory response
  • and T helper 2 cell (Th2) differentiation.
49
Q

Define Thrombus

A

Blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel

50
Q

Blood clot definitions:

Embolus

A

if the thrombus dislodges and moves into circulation

51
Q

Blood clots are concerning in

A

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
Acute Ischemic stroke (AIS)
Pulmonary embolism (PE)
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

52
Q

What is D-Dimer

A

Measures protein fragment when clot dissolves

53
Q

Thrombolytic Agents?

A

Prevent or “bust” existing clots

54
Q

Clot buster?

A

If a clot is already formed, a clot buster is used.

tPA (stroke)
Streptokinase

55
Q

Agents that slow platelet aggregation (preventative)?

A

ASA

Clopidogrel

56
Q

What lab result helps diagnose pneumonia?

A

Sputum expectoration

57
Q

Pleural effusion caused by Transudate and Exudate.

Factor for transudate?

A

Indicates a pressure differential that moves fluid from intravascular to extravascular space (only fluid, not protein

i.e CHF or chronic renal failure

58
Q

Pleural effusion caused by Transudate and Exudate.

Factor for Exudate?

A

Usually caused by infection-inflammation makes vessel wall more permeable to fluid and protein

Infections: bacterial pneumonia, TB, Fungal, viral, pulmonary abscess (empyema), infarction, trauma, various cancers (especially breast), and pancreatitis

59
Q

Bronchial washing

A

used to find infections.

salt solution is basically washed surface of airways

60
Q

Bronchial washing

A

used to find infections.

salt solution is basically washed surface of airways

61
Q

Basic chem 7 for tests?

A

electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, Total CO2)
glucose level
renal-function tests
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
creatinine

62
Q

Sodium function

A

Controls osmotic pressure, water distribution, and extracellular fluid volume

  • major osmotic ally active particle in the extracellular fluid
63
Q

How is sodium balanced by the body?

A

The kidneys excrete excess via urine

  • Aldosterone regulates sodium levels by increasing sodium reabsorption in exchange for potassium or hydrogen
64
Q

Sodium normal values

A

Normal: 133-146 mmol/L

  • Critical limits < 125 and >155mol
65
Q

What are causes of excessive sodium (hyponatermia)

A

Increased body water (Na is diluted), renal loss, or extra renal loss.

  • CHF, cirrhosis w/ascites, or excessive hypotonic IV fluid admin
  • vomiting, diarrhea, sweating
  • Enforced diuresis, drugs, DKA, renal damage, Hormonal abnormalities
66
Q

What would cause Hypernatermia (increases plasma Na)

A

Excessive water loss (extra renal) via sweating or diarrhea

  • inadequate water intake
  • excessive Na retention (too much aldosterone or corticosteroids)

PA 1 (RESP 214) (11 decks)

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