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PA 1 (RESP 214) > Module 5 Lab Data > Flashcards

Module 5 Lab Data Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of a lab test

A
  • Diagnose
  • Treat
  • Monitor
  • prevent
  • diseases
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2
Q

What lab tests do RT usually assess?

A
  • ABGS
  • Pulmonary secretions
  • pleural fluid samples
  • bronchoscopy samples
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3
Q

Critical value

A

Result that are VERY out of normal range and are potentially life threatening

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4
Q

What are the 4 test parameters that give info to make a diagnosis?

A

True positive
False positive
True negative
False negative

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5
Q

True Positive

A

The test is positive in a patient with disease

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6
Q

False Positive

A

Positive test occurs in a disease free patient

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7
Q

True Negative

A

Negative test in a disease free patient

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8
Q

False Negative

A

Negative test in a patient with disease

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9
Q

Sensitivity

A

Frequency of positive results in patients with disease

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10
Q

Specificity

A

Frequency of negative ntest results in patient without disease.

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11
Q

Total Body Weight Composition

A

Blood 8%

92% = other fluids and tissues

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12
Q

Composition of whole blood

A

Formed elements = 45%
Plasma = 55%
platelets <1%

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13
Q

Composition of whole blood:
Protein (7%)

A

Plasma –>Other solutes

Albumins (57%)
Globulins (38%)
Fibrinogen (4%)
Prothrombin (1%)

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14
Q

Composition of whole blood:

Other solutes (2%)

A

Plasma–>

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15
Q

What role does Albumin have with blood vessels?

A

ALbumin is a protein that keeps water inside the blood vessel.

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16
Q

Third spacing

A

Fluid is not staying in the vessel and they appear puffy

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17
Q

What is Hematology

A

Study of blood

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18
Q

2 branches of Hematology

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Coagulation test

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19
Q

Complete Blood count (CBC)

A

Identifies normal and abnormal values of blood cells

Looking for everything and anything

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20
Q

What does a CBC test include?

A

RBC
WBC
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
WBC differential
Platelet count

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21
Q

Coagulation tests

A

Screen for blood clotting abnormalities

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22
Q

What is a white blood cell differential count?

A

Breakdown of WBC and tells how much of each cell they have.

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23
Q

What is Hematocrit

A

Ratio of volume of RBC to total volume of blood
[percentage of blood made up of RBC]

  • 41-50% = normal men
  • 36-48% = normal women
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24
Q

what do Hematocrit levels indicate?

A

Can tell if a patient is dehydrated.

if the patient is dehydrated, it doesn’t affect their hemoglobin, but it affects their total blood volume and therefore the hematocrit % will be higher.

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25
Thrombocytes
Platelets
26
Normal Values: WBC Count
3.9-11.7 x10^3/uL
27
Normal Values: Neutrophils & bands
2.0-8.0 x 10^9/L (40-75%) Bands: 0-6%
28
Normal Values: Lymphocytes
0.7-3.5 x 10^9/L (20-45%)
29
Normal Values: Monocytes
0.0-1.0 x 10^9/L (2-10%)
30
Normal Values: Eosinophils
0.0-0.7 x 10^9/L (0-6%)
31
Normal Values: Basophils
0.0-0.2 x 10^9/L (0-1%)
32
List the leukocytes differentials in order of most abundant to least abundant.
-Neutrophils -Lymphocytes -Monocytes -Eosinophils -Basophils
33
What is the percentage breakdown for each element in Leukocytes?
Neutrophils (60-70%) Lymphocytes (20-25%) Monocytes (3 -8%) Eosinophils (2-4) Basophils (0.5 - 1%)
34
Which leukocytes have a difference between course and Egans percentage?
The two biggest: Neutrophils and lympocytes Slides: Neutrophils (60-70%) Lymphocytes (20-25%) Egans: (40-75) and (20 - 45)
35
What could high WBC count indicate?
Could be an indication of infection -i.e. Pneumonia
36
What are bands?
Baby neutrophils
37
What is the function of a white blood cell?
-Major component of immune system -Protects against pathogenic microorganisms, foreign antigens -Develop in bone marrow or lymphoid tissues -Released into peripheral blood when mature
38
Abnormalities in the WBC count: Neutrophilia/Neutropenia
- Increased neutrophils - Decreased neutrophils
39
WBC Abnormalities: Leukocytosis
Increased WBC Cause: infection, inflammation, stress
40
Why is high WBC a problem when not controlled?
Unable to produce RBCS
41
WBC Abnormalities: Leukopenia
Decreased WBC Cause: Drug toxicity Bone marrow failure Autoimmune reactions
42
Neutropenia
Sign of decreased bone marrow production OR Increased destruction of neutrophils in peripheral blood/tissue
43
Lymphocyte
Fight infection; promote immunity
44
Monocyte
Immediate and sustained response to inflammation/infection engulfs stuff.
45
Eosinophil
immune system regulation think allergic reactions
46
Basophils
immune system regulation
47
difference between Basophils and Eosinophils?
Basophils are largely circulating cells, but home to areas of allergic inflammation during the late phase response. Eosinophils are resident to the GI tract, but also home to allergic inflammatory sites.
48
What shared function do Basophils and Eosinophils have?
Defense against parasites or allergic reactions, but also they play important roles in: - Sntigen presentation - Immune memory response - and T helper 2 cell (Th2) differentiation.
49
Define Thrombus
Blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel
50
Blood clot definitions: Embolus
if the thrombus dislodges and moves into circulation
51
Blood clots are concerning in
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Acute Ischemic stroke (AIS) Pulmonary embolism (PE) Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
52
What is D-Dimer
Measures protein fragment when clot dissolves
53
Thrombolytic Agents?
Prevent or "bust" existing clots
54
Clot buster?
If a clot is already formed, a clot buster is used. tPA (stroke) Streptokinase
55
Agents that slow platelet aggregation (preventative)?
ASA Clopidogrel
56
What lab result helps diagnose pneumonia?
Sputum expectoration
57
Pleural effusion caused by Transudate and Exudate. Factor for transudate?
Indicates a pressure differential that moves fluid from intravascular to extravascular space (only fluid, not protein i.e CHF or chronic renal failure
58
Pleural effusion caused by Transudate and Exudate. Factor for Exudate?
Usually caused by infection-inflammation makes vessel wall more permeable to fluid and protein Infections: bacterial pneumonia, TB, Fungal, viral, pulmonary abscess (empyema), infarction, trauma, various cancers (especially breast), and pancreatitis
59
Bronchial washing
used to find infections. salt solution is basically washed surface of airways
60
Bronchial washing
used to find infections. salt solution is basically washed surface of airways
61
Basic chem 7 for tests?
electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, Total CO2) glucose level renal-function tests blood urea nitrogen (BUN) creatinine
62
Sodium function
Controls osmotic pressure, water distribution, and extracellular fluid volume - major osmotic ally active particle in the extracellular fluid
63
How is sodium balanced by the body?
The kidneys excrete excess via urine - Aldosterone regulates sodium levels by increasing sodium reabsorption in exchange for potassium or hydrogen
64
Sodium normal values
Normal: 133-146 mmol/L - Critical limits < 125 and >155mol
65
What are causes of excessive sodium (hyponatermia)
Increased body water (Na is diluted), renal loss, or extra renal loss. - CHF, cirrhosis w/ascites, or excessive hypotonic IV fluid admin - vomiting, diarrhea, sweating - Enforced diuresis, drugs, DKA, renal damage, Hormonal abnormalities
66
What would cause Hypernatermia (increases plasma Na)
Excessive water loss (extra renal) via sweating or diarrhea - inadequate water intake - excessive Na retention (too much aldosterone or corticosteroids)

PA 1 (RESP 214) (11 decks)

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