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SNUG107 Primary Health Care > Module 5 - Healthy living across the life span: Adulthood > Flashcards

Module 5 - Healthy living across the life span: Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four guiding principles of motivational interviewing?

A

R – resist the urge to change the individual’s course of action through didactic means

U – understand it’s the individual’s reasons for change, not those of the practitioner, that will elicit a change in behaviour

L – listening is important; the solutions lie within the individual, not the practitioner

E – empower the individual to understand that they have the ability to change their behaviour

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2
Q

How does the World Health Organization define health education?

A

Health education is any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes.

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3
Q

How does the World Health Organization define health promotion?

A

A process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions.

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4
Q

What is the main focus of social marketing?

A

Creating and sustaining behaviour change.

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5
Q

How long does someone have an illness for it to be diagnosed as chronic?

A

6 months.

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6
Q

People who are diagnosed with one or more types of chronic conditions are at risk often have what 3 things?

A
  1. Complex health needs,
  2. poorer quality of life
  3. Die prematurely.
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7
Q

In 2017 -18 what percentage of Australians had one or more chronic condition?

A

47%

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE.

38% of Australia’s disease burden was preventable and due to modifiable risk factors.

A

TRUE.

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9
Q

In 2015, what were the leading five risk factors contributing to total burden ?

A
  1. tobacco use
  2. overweight and obesity
  3. all dietary risks (poor nutrition)
  4. high blood pressure
  5. high blood plasma glucose (including diabetes)
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10
Q

What are behavioural risk factors?

A

Risk factors that individuals have the most ability to modify, such as diet, tobacco smoking and drinking alcohol.

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11
Q

What are Biomedical risk factors?

A

Bodily states that carry relatively direct and specific risks for health. Some of these include overweight and obesity and high blood pressure which are often influenced by health behaviours.

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12
Q

What is the leading underlying cause of death in Australia?

A

Coronary Heart Disease.

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13
Q

After coronary heart disease, what are the other 4 leading causes of death in Australia?

A
  • Dementia and Alzheimers
  • Cerebrovascular disease (diseases that affect the blood vessels and blood supply to the brain)
  • Lung cancer
  • COPD
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14
Q

What is Coronary Heart Disease?

A

It occurs when there is a blockage in the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle

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15
Q

What are the two clinical forms of coronary heart disease?

A

Heart attack and angina.

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16
Q

What are the risk factors of CHD that you can’t change?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • ethnic background
  • family history
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17
Q

People with what origins have a higher risk of coronary heart disease?

A
  • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
  • People from the Indian sub-continent.
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18
Q

What risk factors of Coronary Heart Disease can you modify?

A
  • smoking,
  • high cholesterol
  • high blood pressure
  • diabetes
  • being active
  • being overweight
  • unhealthy diet
  • depression
  • social isolation
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19
Q

Overweight and obesity is a major risk factor to what conditions?

Name 5.

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • type 2 diabetes
  • high blood pressure
  • sleep apnoea
  • psychological issues
  • musculoskeletal conditions
  • some cancers
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20
Q

What is the Body Mass Index?

A

Body Mass Index (BMI) is an internationally recognised standard for classifying overweight and obesity in adults.

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21
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

BMI is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of their height in metres.

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22
Q

What is another method to assess risk of developing obesity-related chronic diseases?

A

Waist circumference

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23
Q

What is a eating disorder?

A

Eating disorders are a group of mental illnesses typically characterised by problems associated with body weight control, and a severe concern with body weight or shape. Disordered eating behaviours may include overeating or insufficient food intake.

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24
Q

What are the four types of commly recognised eating disorders?

A
  • Anorexia nervosa,
  • Bulimia Nervosa,
  • Binge Eating disorder,
  • Other specified feeding or eating disorders.
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25
Q

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

A

Characterised by the persistent restriction of food and water intake, intense fear of gaining weight and disturbance in self-perceived weight or body shape

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26
Q

What is bulimia nervosa?

A

Characterised by repeated binge-eating episodes followed by compensatory behaviours like self-induced vomiting or laxative misuse

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27
Q

What is binge eating?

A

Characterised by repeated episodes of binge-eating, often with a sense of loss of control while eating

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28
Q

What is the glycaemic index?

A

The glycemic index or GI ranks carbohydrates according to their effect on blood glucose levels.

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29
Q

The _________ the GI, the slower the rise in blood glucose levels will be when the food is consumed.

A

LOWER

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30
Q

What is the GI of Low GI foods>

A

< 55.

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31
Q

What is the GI of intermediate GI foods?

A

Between 55 and 70.

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32
Q

High GI foods are foods with a GI higher than what?

A

70

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33
Q

What are the two types of cholesterol?

A

LDL and HDL.

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34
Q

What does LDL stand for?

A

Low-density lipoprotein

35
Q

What does HDL stand for?

A

High-density lipoprotein.

36
Q

Why is LDL considered the ‘bad’ cholesterol?

A

It can help form plaques and contribute to atherosclerosis, higher levels reflect an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

37
Q

Why is HDL considered the ‘good’ cholesterol?

A

It helps to remove excess cholesterol from plaque. Low levels reflect higher risks of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

38
Q

What are the three types of fats?

A
  1. Saturated fat
  2. Trans fat.
  3. Monounsaturated fats.
39
Q

What are examples of saturated fats? Name 3.

A
  • fatty cuts of beef,
  • pork,
  • lamb
  • dark chicken meat and poultry skin
  • high fat dairy foods (whole milk, butter, cheese, sour cream, ice cream)
  • tropical oils (coconut oil, palm oil, cocoa butter) lard
40
Q

What are examples of trans fats?

A
  • fried foods (French fries), doughnuts, deep-fried fast foods)
  • margarine (stick and tub)
  • vegetable shortening
  • baked goods (cookies, cakes, pastries)
  • processed snack foods (crackers, microwave popcorn)
41
Q

Give three examples of monounsaturated fats?

A
  • nuts (almonds, cashews, peanuts, pecans)
  • vegetable oils (olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil)
  • peanut butter and almond butter
  • avocado
42
Q

____________________ are one of the body’s primary sources of energy.

A

Carbohydrates

43
Q

What 3 components make up carbohydrates?

A

Fiber

Starch

Sugar

44
Q

What are the two types of carbs?

A

Complex and Simple

45
Q

Doing any ___________________ is better than doing none.

A

Physical activity.

46
Q

What are the top four drugs clients seek treatment for?

A

Alcohol (32% of all treatment episodes)

Amphetamines (26%),

Cannabis (22%)

Heroin (5%).

47
Q

What are the two most consumed drugs in Australia?

A

Alcohol & nicotine.

48
Q

What does BAC stand for?

A

Blood Alcohol Concentration.

49
Q

How long does it take for BAC to reach its peak after consumption of one standard drink?

A

30-45 minutes.

50
Q

Generally, how long does it take for the body to clear one standard drink?

A

One hour

51
Q

What factors affect the rate of alcohol consumption?

A
  • liver size,
  • body mass and composition
  • alcohol tolerance
52
Q

Since 1995 the proportion of adults who are daily smokers has ______________________.

A

Decreased.

53
Q

Drug-induced deaths and hospitalisation has __________________ over recent years.

A

Increased.

54
Q

Are males more likely to have ever used illicit drugs?

A

YES.

(men 46% and women 40%)

55
Q

Cocaine and ecstasy tend to be used less frequently than what other drugs?

A

Cannibis and meth/amphetamine.

56
Q

What are the 7 general categories of drugs?

A
  1. Stimulants,
  2. Depressants,
  3. Cannabinoids,
  4. Psychedelics,
  5. Opioids,
  6. Dissociatives
  7. Empathogens.
57
Q

What are opioids?

A

Opioids bind to opioid receptors which depress the central nervous system, and slow down messages between the brain and the rest of the body. This causes breathing and heart rate to slow down. Opioid receptors also stimulate the release of dopamine, which leads to sensations of pleasure and pain relief.

58
Q

Codeine, fentanyl, heroin, opium and oxycodone are what type of drugs?

A

Opioids

59
Q

What are stimulants?

A

Stimulants are a class of drugs that speed up the messages between the brain and the body. They can make a person feel more awake, alert, confident or energetic

60
Q

Amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, ice and nicotine are what types of drugs?

A

Stimulants.

61
Q

What are dissociatives?

A

Dissociatives (also referred to as ‘dissociative anaesthetics’) are a class of psychedelic drug. This class of drug is characterised by distorted sensory perceptions and feelings of disconnection or detachment from the environment and self

62
Q

Ketamine, PCP, DXM and nitrous oxide are what types of drugs?

A

Dissociatives.

63
Q

Alcohol, GHB and Kava are what type of drugs?

A

Depressants.

64
Q

LSD is what type of drug?

A

Psychedelics.

65
Q

Depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and Bi- Polar disorder are all what?

A

Mental health problems

66
Q

What are the two most common mental health presentations in general practice?

A

Depression and anxiety

67
Q

Are daily smokers twice as likely to have higher levels of psychological distress than non-smokers?

A

YES.

68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

Daily smokers are less likely to experience psychlogical distress.

A

FALSE.

Levels of psychological distress are higher among people who drink more than four standard drinks per day (16.1%) than those who do not (9.3%).

69
Q

How long does clinical depression last for?

A

At least two weeks.

70
Q

Is clinical depression recurrent?

A

YES. People recover but develop another episode later on.

71
Q

What are some emotional symptoms of depression? Name 3.

A
  • feeling sad, down or empty for most of the day, nearly every day
  • loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities
  • becoming withdrawn from friends or family
  • feelings of worthlessness or guilt
  • suicidal thoughts
  • crying for no reason
72
Q

What are some physical symptoms of depression?

List 4.

A
  • low energy
  • fatigue and reduced activity
  • insomnia or difficulty sleeping
  • loss of appetite or weight
  • increased sleep or appetite (atypical depression)
  • trouble concentrating, making decisions and remembering things
  • slowed body movements, thinking or speech difficulty
  • sitting still, pacing or hand-wringing
  • diminished sex drive
  • back pain or headaches
  • feeling sick and run down
  • digestive problems
73
Q

What are some situations/circumstances that could trigger depression?

A
  • A breakup of a relationship or living in conflict
  • Having a baby (10-15% of women suffer depression shortly after child birth)
  • Loss of a job and difficulty finding a new one
  • Having an accident which results in a long term disability
  • Being a victim of crime
  • Developing a long term physical illness
  • Caring full time for someone with a long term disability,
  • medical conditions: e.g. stroke, dementia, hypothyroidism, Cushing’s disease, Addison’s disease, Parkinson’s disease
74
Q

What are some treatments for depression?

A
  • Antidepressants
  • Electroconvulsive therapy
  • Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)
  • Interpersonal psychotherapy
  • Reading depression self help books based on CBT
  • Psychodynamic psychotherapy
75
Q

What are some lifesytle and alternative treatments to depression?

A
  • St John’s wort
  • Exercise
  • Light therapy
  • Acupuncture
  • Alcohol avoidance
  • Massage therapy
  • Relaxation therapy
76
Q

How many Australian per year attempt suicide?

A

65,000

77
Q

What is the leading cause of death for Australian between 15 and 44 years?

A

Suicide.

78
Q

In 2017, what percentage of people who died by suicide were females?

A

25%

79
Q

What are some factors that contribute to suicide?

A
  • stressful life events
  • trauma
  • mental illness
  • physical illness
  • drug or alcohol abuse
  • poor living circumstances
80
Q

What are some protective factors that can reduce suicidal behaviour?

A
  • supportive social relationships
  • a sense of control
  • a sense of purpose
  • family harmony
  • effective help-seeking
  • positive connections to good health services available
81
Q

How do you help a suicidal person?

A
  • Ensure the person is not left alone,
  • seek immediate help,
  • phone 000,
  • take person to ED or GP,
  • do not get involved physically if the person is threatening.
82
Q

What are some of the complex issues that could result in homelessness?

A
  • The chronic shortage of affordable and available rental housing
  • Domestic and family violence
  • Intergenerational poverty
  • Financial crisis
  • Long term unemployment
  • Economic and social exclusion
  • Severe and persistent mental illness and psychological distress
  • Exiting state care
  • Exiting prison
  • Severe overcrowding/housing crisis
83
Q
A

SNUG107 Primary Health Care (10 decks)

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