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SNUG107 Primary Health Care > Module 3 - Healthy living across the lifespan: Pregnancy & early childhood > Flashcards

Module 3 - Healthy living across the lifespan: Pregnancy & early childhood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two classifications of immunity?

A

Active and Passive (Acquired).

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2
Q

What is active immunity?

A

A resistance of the body to infection in which the host produces its own antibodies in response to natural or artificial antigens.

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3
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

A resistance of the body to infection in which the host receives natural or artificial antibodies produced by another source.

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4
Q

What is natural active immunity (infection)?

A

A person has actually had the infection and the body has produced antibodies to fight that infection. A person will not get the infection again as the body has antibodies ready to attack.

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5
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

Maternal. Mother to baby. The baby has received antibodies through the placenta and through colostrum (breast milk).

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6
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

Antigens are introduced via vaccines.

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7
Q

What can vaccines consist of?

A
  • Live (attenuated or weak) organisms, eg, measles, mumps
  • Killed whole organism, eg, hepatitis A, influenza,
  • Microbial or toxin fragments, eg, pertussis or tetanus toxoid.
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8
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

Temporary protection by an injection of a specific gamma globulin antibodies for an infection received from other humans or immune animals.

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9
Q

What is an example of artifical passive immunity?

A

A wound is contaminated with animal manure and the person’s tetanus immunity is ambiguous. They would receive an injection containing tetanus immunoglobulin.

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10
Q

What is the duration of natural active immunity?

A

Lifelong.

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11
Q

What is the duration of passive natural immunity?

A

6 months to 1 year

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12
Q

What is the duration of artifical passive immunity?

A

2 to 3 weeks.

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13
Q

_______________ infants enjoy higher levels of immunity against infections than formula-fed infants.

A

Breastfed

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Fevers less than 39°C in children should not be treated, except for comfort of the child.

A

TRUE.

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15
Q

What 4 factors are important for preventing and/or treating infection in children?

A
  • hand hygiene
  • comprehensive immunisation
  • good nutrition
  • adequate hydration
  • appropriate rest
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16
Q

THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE.

What are 3 lines of defence against infection?

A
  1. The unbroken skin,
  2. mucous membranes,
  3. chemical barriers.
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17
Q

The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid. What is its pH?

A

2

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18
Q

What is the pH range for skin secretions?

A

3 to 5.

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19
Q

What is the pH of vaginal secretions?

A

4

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20
Q

THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE.

What is a Phagocyte?

A

Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (eating) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells

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21
Q

What are the major phagocytes in the body called?

A

Macrophages

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22
Q

Natural Killer Cells are are type of _____________.

A

Lymphocyte (white blood cell).

23
Q

What protein signals to phagocytes, telling them a cell needs to be removed?

A

Complement.

They cause lysing (bursting) of cells and signal to phagocytes that a cell needs to be removed.

24
Q

What protein lets cells signal to one another?

A

Interferon. When a cell detects interferon from other cells, it produces proteins that help prevent viral replication in the cell.

25
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

Minimises the possibility of infection and helps dispose of cell debris & pathogens. Inflammation also helps heal the damaged tissue.

26
Q

What complement proteins are important in a inflammatory response?

A
  • histamine,
  • kinins,
  • prostaglandins
  • cytokines
27
Q

What is the porpose of complement proteins in the inflammatory reponse?

A

To induce small blood vessels (arterioles) in the vicinity of the injury to dilate resulting in increased blood flow to the area.

28
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Fever is a line of defence against viruses?

A

TRUE.

Fever can be triggered by some bacterial toxins and can inhibit growth of some bacteria and speed up chemical reactions & repair.

29
Q

What are the 5 food groups?

A
  1. Vegetables and legumes,
  2. Fruit,
  3. Grains and cereals,
  4. lean meat poultry, fish, eggs, legumes (beans) tofu, nuts, seeds,
  5. milk, cheese, yoghurt or alternatives.
30
Q

What can quickly dehydrate a baby?

A
  • vomiting
  • fever
  • diarrhoea
31
Q

What are some of the symptoms of dehydration in a child?

A
  • cold skin
  • lethargy
  • dry mouth
  • depressed fontanelle
  • a blue tinge to the skin as the circulation slows
32
Q

Drinking too much water can cause _____________________________ which occurs when sodium in the blood drops to a dangerously low level. Sodium is needed in muscle contraction and for sending nerve impulses.

A

hyponatraemia

33
Q

The World Health Organization recommends that the optimal way of feeding is breastfeeding. How long does WHO recommend this for?

A

6 months.

34
Q

What is the recommended amount of physical activity for pre-schoolers?

A

180 minutes a day. 60 minutes in energetic play.

35
Q

How many hours of sleep is recommended for 3 to 5 year olds?

A

10 to 13 hours.

36
Q

What disease is the most common among Australian children aged 0 - 14 years?

A

Asthma

37
Q

What is the second cause of burden for children aged 5 -14 years?

A

anxiety disorders.

38
Q

According to the AIHW (2018) what was the leading casue of burden for children under 5?

A

Infant and congenital conditions such as preterm birth, low birth weight complications, birth truama and asphyxia, SIDs and other disorders and congenital conditions.

39
Q

According to the AIHW (2018) what was the leading casue of burden for children aged 5 -14?

A

Asthma

40
Q

What is GDM?

A

Gestational diabetes mellitus (sometimes referred to as GDM) is a form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.

41
Q

Children experiencing homelessness are more likely to exerpience increased likelihood of….?

Name 5 health related outcomes.

A
  • Ear infections,
  • Developmental delays,
  • Nutritional deficits,
  • Asthma,
  • Infectious illness,
  • Emergency room use and hospitalisation,
  • Dental problems,
  • Gastrointestinal problems,
  • Abdominal pain ,
  • Anxiety and depression
  • Behavioural issues,
  • Low self esteem and self-confidence
42
Q

Children who experience homelessness face what issues in relation to school?

A
  • emotional isolation and difficulty relating to peers,
  • difficulty establishing and maintaining friendships
  • discrimination and stigma,
  • stress,
  • reduced concentration skills,
  • academic and learning delays,
  • increased absenteeism,
  • increased likelihood to leave school early.
43
Q

What are the two catagories of behaviour in children in relation to mental health?

A

Externalising behaviours & Internalising behaviours

44
Q

What are externalising behaviours in children?

A

Externalising behaviours can include one or more of the following:

  • angry,
  • impulsive
  • hyperactive (restlessness, difficulty paying attention) and
  • challenging behaviours.

These behaviours are relatively easy to recognise as they are quite disruptive and are likely to demand attention from parents and other family members

45
Q

What are Internalising behaviours in children?

A

Can include inhibited and over-controlled behaviours such as:

  • withdrawal,
  • worry,
  • fearfulness
  • becoming easily upset
46
Q

What are digital therapeutics?

A

Evidence-based therapeutic interventions driven by high quality software programs to prevent, manage, or treat a medical disorder or disease.

47
Q

What is digital health?

A

Digital health is about electronically connecting up the points of care so that health information can be shared securely

48
Q

What is Health informatics?

A

Is information engineering applied to the field of health care, and the management and use of patient healthcare information.

49
Q

What are some careers for primary health care nurses?

A
  • Nurse immunisers,
  • Women’s health nurse,
  • School nurse,
  • Rural and remote nurse,
  • Child and adolescent nurses
  • Practice nurses
50
Q

Dietary Recommendations

VEGETABLES AND LEGUMES

A

1 to 3 year olds = 2 to 3 serves

4 to 8 year olds = 4 1/2 serves

9 and over = 5-6 serves

51
Q

Dietary Recommendations

FRUIT

A

1 to 2 year olds = 1/2 piece

2 to 3 year olds = 1 piece

4 to 8 year olds = 1 1/2 pieces

Over 9 = 2 pieces a day

52
Q

Dietry Recommendations

GRAIN AND CEREALS

A

1 to 8 year olds = 4 serves a day

9 to 11 years = 4-5 serves

14-18 years= 7 or more serves

Adults = 3 to 6 serves depending on age and sex

53
Q

Diety Recommendations

Lean meat, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes (beans) tofu, nuts and seeds

A

1 to 3 year-olds: 1 serve a day

4 to 8 year-olds: 1½ serves a day

9-18 year-olds: 2½ serves a day

Women: 2-2½ serves a day

Men 2½ to 3 serves a day

54
Q

Diety Recommendations

Milk, cheeses, yoghurts

A

1 to 3 year-olds, 1 to 1½ serves a day

4 to 8 year-olds, 1½ serves to 2 serves a day

9 to 18 year olds, 2½ to 3½ serves a day

Men, 2½ to 3½ serves a day,

Women, 2½ to 4 serves a day

SNUG107 Primary Health Care (10 decks)

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