Module 3 - Healthy living across the lifespan: Pregnancy & early childhood Flashcards
What are the two classifications of immunity?
Active and Passive (Acquired).
What is active immunity?
A resistance of the body to infection in which the host produces its own antibodies in response to natural or artificial antigens.
What is passive immunity?
A resistance of the body to infection in which the host receives natural or artificial antibodies produced by another source.
What is natural active immunity (infection)?
A person has actually had the infection and the body has produced antibodies to fight that infection. A person will not get the infection again as the body has antibodies ready to attack.
What is natural passive immunity?
Maternal. Mother to baby. The baby has received antibodies through the placenta and through colostrum (breast milk).
What is artificial active immunity?
Antigens are introduced via vaccines.
What can vaccines consist of?
- Live (attenuated or weak) organisms, eg, measles, mumps
- Killed whole organism, eg, hepatitis A, influenza,
- Microbial or toxin fragments, eg, pertussis or tetanus toxoid.
What is artificial passive immunity?
Temporary protection by an injection of a specific gamma globulin antibodies for an infection received from other humans or immune animals.
What is an example of artifical passive immunity?
A wound is contaminated with animal manure and the person’s tetanus immunity is ambiguous. They would receive an injection containing tetanus immunoglobulin.
What is the duration of natural active immunity?
Lifelong.
What is the duration of passive natural immunity?
6 months to 1 year
What is the duration of artifical passive immunity?
2 to 3 weeks.
_______________ infants enjoy higher levels of immunity against infections than formula-fed infants.
Breastfed
TRUE OR FALSE. Fevers less than 39°C in children should not be treated, except for comfort of the child.
TRUE.
What 4 factors are important for preventing and/or treating infection in children?
- hand hygiene
- comprehensive immunisation
- good nutrition
- adequate hydration
- appropriate rest
THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE.
What are 3 lines of defence against infection?
- The unbroken skin,
- mucous membranes,
- chemical barriers.
The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid. What is its pH?
2
What is the pH range for skin secretions?
3 to 5.
What is the pH of vaginal secretions?
4
THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE.
What is a Phagocyte?
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (eating) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells
What are the major phagocytes in the body called?
Macrophages
Natural Killer Cells are are type of _____________.
Lymphocyte (white blood cell).
What protein signals to phagocytes, telling them a cell needs to be removed?
Complement.
They cause lysing (bursting) of cells and signal to phagocytes that a cell needs to be removed.
What protein lets cells signal to one another?
Interferon. When a cell detects interferon from other cells, it produces proteins that help prevent viral replication in the cell.
What is the purpose of inflammation?
Minimises the possibility of infection and helps dispose of cell debris & pathogens. Inflammation also helps heal the damaged tissue.
What complement proteins are important in a inflammatory response?
- histamine,
- kinins,
- prostaglandins
- cytokines
What is the porpose of complement proteins in the inflammatory reponse?
To induce small blood vessels (arterioles) in the vicinity of the injury to dilate resulting in increased blood flow to the area.
TRUE OR FALSE?
Fever is a line of defence against viruses?
TRUE.
Fever can be triggered by some bacterial toxins and can inhibit growth of some bacteria and speed up chemical reactions & repair.
What are the 5 food groups?
- Vegetables and legumes,
- Fruit,
- Grains and cereals,
- lean meat poultry, fish, eggs, legumes (beans) tofu, nuts, seeds,
- milk, cheese, yoghurt or alternatives.
What can quickly dehydrate a baby?
- vomiting
- fever
- diarrhoea
What are some of the symptoms of dehydration in a child?
- cold skin
- lethargy
- dry mouth
- depressed fontanelle
- a blue tinge to the skin as the circulation slows
Drinking too much water can cause _____________________________ which occurs when sodium in the blood drops to a dangerously low level. Sodium is needed in muscle contraction and for sending nerve impulses.
hyponatraemia
The World Health Organization recommends that the optimal way of feeding is breastfeeding. How long does WHO recommend this for?
6 months.
What is the recommended amount of physical activity for pre-schoolers?
180 minutes a day. 60 minutes in energetic play.
How many hours of sleep is recommended for 3 to 5 year olds?
10 to 13 hours.
What disease is the most common among Australian children aged 0 - 14 years?
Asthma
What is the second cause of burden for children aged 5 -14 years?
anxiety disorders.
According to the AIHW (2018) what was the leading casue of burden for children under 5?
Infant and congenital conditions such as preterm birth, low birth weight complications, birth truama and asphyxia, SIDs and other disorders and congenital conditions.
According to the AIHW (2018) what was the leading casue of burden for children aged 5 -14?
Asthma
What is GDM?
Gestational diabetes mellitus (sometimes referred to as GDM) is a form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.
Children experiencing homelessness are more likely to exerpience increased likelihood of….?
Name 5 health related outcomes.
- Ear infections,
- Developmental delays,
- Nutritional deficits,
- Asthma,
- Infectious illness,
- Emergency room use and hospitalisation,
- Dental problems,
- Gastrointestinal problems,
- Abdominal pain ,
- Anxiety and depression
- Behavioural issues,
- Low self esteem and self-confidence
Children who experience homelessness face what issues in relation to school?
- emotional isolation and difficulty relating to peers,
- difficulty establishing and maintaining friendships
- discrimination and stigma,
- stress,
- reduced concentration skills,
- academic and learning delays,
- increased absenteeism,
- increased likelihood to leave school early.
What are the two catagories of behaviour in children in relation to mental health?
Externalising behaviours & Internalising behaviours
What are externalising behaviours in children?
Externalising behaviours can include one or more of the following:
- angry,
- impulsive
- hyperactive (restlessness, difficulty paying attention) and
- challenging behaviours.
These behaviours are relatively easy to recognise as they are quite disruptive and are likely to demand attention from parents and other family members
What are Internalising behaviours in children?
Can include inhibited and over-controlled behaviours such as:
- withdrawal,
- worry,
- fearfulness
- becoming easily upset
What are digital therapeutics?
Evidence-based therapeutic interventions driven by high quality software programs to prevent, manage, or treat a medical disorder or disease.
What is digital health?
Digital health is about electronically connecting up the points of care so that health information can be shared securely
What is Health informatics?
Is information engineering applied to the field of health care, and the management and use of patient healthcare information.
What are some careers for primary health care nurses?
- Nurse immunisers,
- Women’s health nurse,
- School nurse,
- Rural and remote nurse,
- Child and adolescent nurses
- Practice nurses
Dietary Recommendations
VEGETABLES AND LEGUMES
1 to 3 year olds = 2 to 3 serves
4 to 8 year olds = 4 1/2 serves
9 and over = 5-6 serves
Dietary Recommendations
FRUIT
1 to 2 year olds = 1/2 piece
2 to 3 year olds = 1 piece
4 to 8 year olds = 1 1/2 pieces
Over 9 = 2 pieces a day
Dietry Recommendations
GRAIN AND CEREALS
1 to 8 year olds = 4 serves a day
9 to 11 years = 4-5 serves
14-18 years= 7 or more serves
Adults = 3 to 6 serves depending on age and sex
Diety Recommendations
Lean meat, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes (beans) tofu, nuts and seeds
1 to 3 year-olds: 1 serve a day
4 to 8 year-olds: 1½ serves a day
9-18 year-olds: 2½ serves a day
Women: 2-2½ serves a day
Men 2½ to 3 serves a day
Diety Recommendations
Milk, cheeses, yoghurts
1 to 3 year-olds, 1 to 1½ serves a day
4 to 8 year-olds, 1½ serves to 2 serves a day
9 to 18 year olds, 2½ to 3½ serves a day
Men, 2½ to 3½ serves a day,
Women, 2½ to 4 serves a day
