Module 5- Health Management Flashcards
learning to recognize a healthy horse
health management
refers to the amount of fat cover on horses.
body condition
other ways to quickly assess the health of a horse include;
• evaluating its general appearance
• behavior
• examining specific parts of the body
• observing its manure and urine
• measuring vital signs (heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature)
assesses fat cover has been designed to gauge reproductive efficiency in mares.
scoring system
based on this system can also serve as a guide to judging the nutritional status of all horses
evaluation or condition score
cannot be altered significantly in short periods of time.
body condition
nutritional requirements of horses depends on their;
• exercise level
• reproductive state
• age and growth rate
• mature body weight
the basic feeding classifications to ensure good health include;
• maintenance
• pregnancy
• lactation
• growth
• work
the horse in this feeding classification is mature, maintaining its body weight. it is not pregnant, lactating, breeding, or being exercised.
maintenance
nutritional requirements during the first 8 months of pregnancy ate the same as for mare being maintained.
pregnancy
during the first 3 months after foaling, mares can produce milk equivalent to 3 percent of their weight every everyday and 2 percent per day during months 4 to 6.
lactation
growing foals required feeds of higher quality than those for maintenance.
growth
horses being exercised or worked require more nutrients, especially energy, than do horses being maintained.
work
horses need the same basic nutrients that humans do, such as;
water, energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals
the nutrients in a horse’s rations primarily determine its weight and condition.
energy
horses need a a good supply of clean water daily.
water
this nutrients needs for muscles, and bone growth, milk production, fetal growth and normal metabolism
protein
the development of bone amd many essential reactions within the body require adequate calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride, selenium, and other minerals.
minerals
are required as coenzymes throughout the body for normal metabolism
vitamins
it forms the body’s defense against a foreign substance, whether microorganisms, a potentially toxic material or an abnormal cell. it attacks the foreign substance and maintains a memory of the invader so that a second exposure will provoke a greater, faster response.
immune system
refers to the ability of an animal that has recovered from a disease to remain well after a second exposure to the same disease.
immunity
the immune system has two general responses;
i. it activates cells destroy a harmful cell with cell to cell interaction
ii. it activates other cells to produce large protein molecule called antobodies.
is a substance that, when introduce into an organism, induces an immune response consisting of the production of a circulating body.
antigens
the molecules responsible for recognizing antigens on foreign molecules on cell surfaces
antibodies
Five classes of immunoglobulins exist based on structural differences
gamma- lgG
mu- lgM
alpha- lgA
delta- lgD
epsilon- lgE
immunity for the foal is available only through the antibodies in the mare’s first milk
colustrum
the colostrum is available for only how many hours?
48 hours
it destroys the protein molecules that make the antibodies protective.
microwaving
when an animal receives antibodies that were produced by another animal
passive immunity
is when an animal is challenged an stimulated to produce its own antibodies.
active immunity
the ideal vaccine:
- prevents clinical signs of the disease
- stimulates the immune response
- produces durable immunity with a single dose
- is safe with no side effects
- is incapable of producing the disease
- is stable during movement and storage
- is economical
what are the efficacy of any vaccine that can be influence?
type of vaccine
site of action
normal antigenic variation
age of the horse when vaccinated
is any condition of a horse that impairs normal physiological functions.
disease
diseases increases what?
costs, reduces performances, can limit growth in the young horse
are caused by pathogenic organisms present in the environment or carried by other animals.
infectious disease
are not contagious and usually cannot be cured by medications. it is often a management problem.
noninfectious disease
infectious disease are broadly characterized as;
parasitic, bacterial, and viral
are often internal infections and require treatment with antibiotics. it can also be external, resulting in erosion of the skin an ulceration.
bacterial diseases
are impossible to distinguish from bacterial diseases without special laboratory test. they are difficult to diagnose, and no specific medications are available to cure.
viral diseases
noninfectious disease can be broadly characterized as;
environmental, nutritional, or genetic.
it can affect horses of any age, and chronic problems may seriously reduce the usefulness of horses and maturity.
respiratory diseases
example of respiratory diseases are;
sinusitis, palate elongation, bleeders, rhinopneumonitis, influenza, pinkeye, strangles, pleuropneumonia abscess pneumonia
is usually considered q contagious disease. the condition is painful, and the horse is reluctant to move. pressure over the chest area causes discomfort, and some horses act as though they have colic or abdominal pqin.
pleuropneumonia
avoiding respiratory disease in horses is the prevention, this includes;
• providing a clean, healthy environment
• ensuring a complete immunization and internal parasite control program
• avoiding undue stress
vaccination of horses during an outbreak or while recovering from the disease can be;
disastrous
highly sensitive to penicillin, but vigorous and prolonged treatment is necessary;
streptococcus equi
results from incomplete or improper treatment of a previous lung disease.
pleuropneumonia
this is a serious disease of foals.
abscess pneumonia
causes heavily encapsulated abscesses to develop in the lung, where they displace lung tissue.
rhodococcus equi
conditions affecting horse
wry muzzle, cleft palate, and overshot or undershot jaws
is a broad term that describes a horse showing abdominal pain
colic
All types of colic
• distended stomach
• acute inflammation of the small intestine
• parasite that causes decreased blood flow to the intestine
• dry food impaction
• gas distention of the large bowel
need of immediate professional attention
• rapid breathing
• profuse sweating
• violent activity
• cold
• clammy feeling
most frequent causes of colic are;
internal parasites
especially in young horses, can result in colic due to telescoping of the bowel.
diarrhea
these sharp points are filed down with specially designed files called?
floats
prevention of colic includes;
- ongoing parasite control program
- maintaining a regular feeding schedule
- avoiding sudden dietary changes in kinds or amounts of feeds
- providing salt and clean, fresh water free-choice at all times.
acute infectious diarrhea syndrome. it is a severe diarrhea condition of horses.
potomac horse fever
potomac horse fever seems to be caused by the;
bacterium ehrlichia risticil
other diarrheas. other causes of acute diarrheal disease in horses include;
colitis, salmonellosis, and other diarrheal syndromes
this diarrhea is contagious between horses and may infect humans
salmonellosis
most newborn foals develop diarrhea at 7 to 12 days of age. affected foals usually show no problems due to diarrhea, but occasionally they become ill or the diarrhea persists.
foal heat diarrhea
deworming pregnant mares during the last 30 days of pregnancy prevents the;
S. westeri larvae
defined as an inflammation of the lamina of the inner hoof wall.
laminitis
is the mechanical displacement of the coffin bone within the foot. it is associated with laminitis.
founder
common disease of horses sometimes called lockjaw. and is caused by a neurotoxin produced by clostridium tetani
tetanus
commonly feed on alfalfa and the flowers or various plants that frequently grow in hay fields.
blister beetles
group are caused by a family of bacteria that grow in the gut or tissue and produce gas and very powerful toxins that affect the nervous system
clostridial diseases
is caused by clostridium botulinum and can occur in adults as forage poisoning or in foals as shaker foal syndrome.
botulism
appears as a problem in young foals nursing mares that are being fed high energy, high-protein diets
shaker foal syndrome
affected foals in diseases become;
uncoordinated, develop jerky movements and paralyzed and die
infections of muscle masses by one or more of several clostridial bacteria families can occur.
clostridial myositis
this disease is also called equine encephalomyelitis.
sleeping sickness
is an important preventive measure, as is annual vaccination.
mosquito control
is a viral disease. it causes severe red blood cell destruction resulting in anemia.
swamp fever
is by a positive antibody level test.
clinical diagnosis of EIA
is a type of virus that causes encephalitis, the inflammation of the brain. most commonly spread by mosquitoes that have acquired the disease from infected birds.
west nile virus
isa universally fatal viral disease of the central nervous system. the virus is transmitted and saliva effects human.
rabies
get its name from the appearance of blisters and draw ulcers in the mouth of infected horses swine, cattle and humans.
vesicular stomatitis
in the form of wildflowers or which may be found in both ways and posture.
poisonous plants
is the emergency care given to an injured or ill horse before treatment; it can be an administered by a veterinarian or until the horse can be transported to a facility or help is available.
equine first aid
what are vital statistics that will help a veterinarian evaluate an emergency situation over the phone.
preliminary information temperature, heart rate, expiratory rate, color of mucous membranes, and capillary refill time
it is essential to the health of the horse
immune system
induced antibodies that destroy harmful substances in the body
antigens
