Module 5: Genitourinary/Peripheral Vascular/Neurologic Terminology

Question 1

hypospadias

Answer 1

Developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens below its usual placement at the tip of the penis
May open anywhere on the undersurface (ventral aspect) of the penis or even on the perineum

Question 2

Epispadias

Answer 2

Developmental anomaly in which the urethral opening is above its usual placement and anywhere along the upper surface (dorsal aspect) of the penis

Question 3

Cryptochidism

Answer 3

Undescended testicle

Question 4

Hydrocele

Answer 4

Non-tender, fluid-filled mass that occupies the space within the tunic vaginalis; mass will transilluminate

Question 5

Varicocele

Answer 5

Varicose veins of the spermatic cord

On examination, the mass feels like a “bag of worms” and is non-tender

Question 6

Spermatocele

Answer 6

Non-tender, cystic scrotal mass which contains sperm and can be palpated above the testes; mass will transilluminate

Question 7

Inguinal Hernia

Answer 7

Weakness in abdominal wall in inguinal region of body in which intestine bulges out or into the scrotum

Question 8

Direct Inguinal Hernia

Answer 8

emerges medial to the inferior epigastric artery

Question 9

Indirect Inguinal Hernia

Answer 9

passes through the inguinal canal and emerges lateral to the inferior epigastric artery

Question 10

Flexion of Uterus

Answer 10

Refers to whether the uterus is bent on itself (angulated)
May be flexed on itself either anteriorly (anteflexed) or posteriorly (retroflexed). The point of reference is the superior aspect of the organ. That is, the upper part is bent forward or backward.

Question 11

Version of the Uterus

Answer 11

The entire uterus may also be tipped or tilted (as opposed to flexion) either anteriorly (anteversion) or posteriorly (retroversion). The point of reference is superior aspect of organ. That is, the upper part is tilted forward to backward.

Question 12

Uterine Prolapse

Answer 12

Due to weakness of supporting structures, uterus descends to variable degrees in vaginal canal. In greatest severity, the entire uterus protrudes beyond the vaginal introitus.

Question 13

Cystocele

Answer 13

Weakness of supporting structures of bladder, causing a bulging of the anterior vaginal wall and the bladder.

Question 14

Rectocele

Answer 14

Weakness of supporting structures of rectum, causing a bulging of the posterior vagina and the rectal wall behind it.

Question 15

Myomas (Fibroids)

Answer 15

Common benign uterine tumors; may be single or multiple. Firm nodules, may be very large and can cause marked enlargement and irregularity of the uterus.

Question 16

Ovarian Cysts and other tumors

Answer 16

Variety of benign ovarian cysts
Common ones include serous cystadenoma and mucus cystadenoma. Smooth and somewhat compressible.
Der-moids are common, benign tumors containing varying proportions of tissue from all three germ layers including hair, teeth, and bone.
(“-oma” –> “tumor”)

Question 17

Cancers of ovaries

Answer 17

can be cystic or solid. They may be nodular. Serous cystadenocarcinomas and mucus cystadenocarcinomas can be huge and ascites (accumulation of fluid in the pertioneal cavity, causing abdominal swelling) is often associated

Question 18

Edema

Answer 18

Fluid in intercellular tissue spaces
May be pitting (depression caused by pressure) or non-pitting
Many causes, grading is typically 1-4+
e.g. Dependent edema with venous insufficiency; right heart failure

Question 19

Lymphedema

Answer 19

Caused from lymphatic obstruction; non-pitting

e. g. when a lymph node dissection has been done or radiation for a malignancy
e. g. lymphedema of the arm after surgery for breast cancer

Question 20

Pulses

Answer 20

Described as normal, decreased, or absent
e.g. “bounding” peripheral pulses with patent ductus arteriosis (condition in which ductus arteriosis does not close after birth)

Question 21

Light/Simple/Gross Touch

Answer 21

Transmitted by fibers in Anterior Spinal Thalamic Tract

Test by wisp of cotton

Question 22

Pain and temperature

Answer 22

Transmitted by fibers in the Lateral Spinal Thalamic Tract

Pin prick traditionally used

Question 23

Propioception

Answer 23

Fibers run in the dorsal (posterior columns) of the spinal cord
Three components: Position sense, vibratory sense, tactile sense

Question 24

Tactile Sense/Discrimination

Answer 24

Ability to recognize size, shape, and texture of objects by feeling (also referred to as stereognosis)
Ability to recognize letters/figures drawn on the skin by touch (also referred to as stereognosis and graphesthesia)
Two point discrimination - the ability to recognize two separate points at which pressure is applied on the skin (also referred to as stereognosis)

Question 25

Stereognosis

Answer 25

Ability to recognize objects placed in hand - a proprioceptive function
e.g. finding a dime in your pocket or keys in purse
Astereognosis

Question 26

Graphesthesia

Answer 26

Ability to recognize numerals or letters traced on the skin - proprioceptive function

Question 27

Two Point Discrimination

Answer 27

Ability to distinguish two points simultaneous applied to the skin as distinct from one single point - a proprioceptive function

Question 28

Romberg

Answer 28

A test of positive sense of the posterior columns (lower body) - NOT the cerebellum

Question 29

Nystagmus

Answer 29

The rhythmic oscillation of the eyes - occurs with problem in inner ear and vestibular nuclei
Can be drug related, e.g. Dilantin

Question 30

Dysdiadochokinesis

Answer 30

Inability to stop one movement and follow it immediately by the directly opposite action.
That is, to perform rapid alternating movements smoothly and in coordinated fashion.

Question 31

Tremor

Answer 31

Involuntary oscillating movement or trembling in an extremity
Resting, postural, and intention tremors
e.g. Resting tremor in Parkinson’s Disease

Question 32

Strength

Answer 32

Tested in both upper and lower extremities, both proximally and distally; flexion, extension, etc.
Graded 0-5

Question 33

Hemiplegia

Answer 33

Paralysis in one half of body

e.g. Cerebrovascular accident

Question 34

Hemiparesis

Answer 34

Weakness on one side of the body

e.g. Cerebrovascular accident

Question 35

Deep Tendon Reflexes

Answer 35

Stretch reflexes
Grading 0-4+
Clonus = sustained series rhythmic jerks = 4+

Question 36

Pathologic Reflexes

Answer 36

Babinski Reflex - using blunt object, stroke plantar surface of the outer border of foot from the heel extending distally and then durving medially across the distal foot
Normal response is a downgoing (plantar flexion) great toe
Abnormal response is an upgoing (dorsiflexion) great toe with spreading of toes
Sign of upper motor neuron disease (e.g. CVA)
Normal in infants