Module 5: Genitourinary/Peripheral Vascular/Neurologic Terminology Flashcards
hypospadias
Developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens below its usual placement at the tip of the penis
May open anywhere on the undersurface (ventral aspect) of the penis or even on the perineum
Epispadias
Developmental anomaly in which the urethral opening is above its usual placement and anywhere along the upper surface (dorsal aspect) of the penis
Cryptochidism
Undescended testicle
Hydrocele
Non-tender, fluid-filled mass that occupies the space within the tunic vaginalis; mass will transilluminate
Varicocele
Varicose veins of the spermatic cord
On examination, the mass feels like a “bag of worms” and is non-tender
Spermatocele
Non-tender, cystic scrotal mass which contains sperm and can be palpated above the testes; mass will transilluminate
Inguinal Hernia
Weakness in abdominal wall in inguinal region of body in which intestine bulges out or into the scrotum
Direct Inguinal Hernia
emerges medial to the inferior epigastric artery
Indirect Inguinal Hernia
passes through the inguinal canal and emerges lateral to the inferior epigastric artery
Flexion of Uterus
Refers to whether the uterus is bent on itself (angulated)
May be flexed on itself either anteriorly (anteflexed) or posteriorly (retroflexed). The point of reference is the superior aspect of the organ. That is, the upper part is bent forward or backward.
Version of the Uterus
The entire uterus may also be tipped or tilted (as opposed to flexion) either anteriorly (anteversion) or posteriorly (retroversion). The point of reference is superior aspect of organ. That is, the upper part is tilted forward to backward.
Uterine Prolapse
Due to weakness of supporting structures, uterus descends to variable degrees in vaginal canal. In greatest severity, the entire uterus protrudes beyond the vaginal introitus.
Cystocele
Weakness of supporting structures of bladder, causing a bulging of the anterior vaginal wall and the bladder.
Rectocele
Weakness of supporting structures of rectum, causing a bulging of the posterior vagina and the rectal wall behind it.
Myomas (Fibroids)
Common benign uterine tumors; may be single or multiple. Firm nodules, may be very large and can cause marked enlargement and irregularity of the uterus.
Ovarian Cysts and other tumors
Variety of benign ovarian cysts
Common ones include serous cystadenoma and mucus cystadenoma. Smooth and somewhat compressible.
Der-moids are common, benign tumors containing varying proportions of tissue from all three germ layers including hair, teeth, and bone.
(“-oma” –> “tumor”)
Cancers of ovaries
can be cystic or solid. They may be nodular. Serous cystadenocarcinomas and mucus cystadenocarcinomas can be huge and ascites (accumulation of fluid in the pertioneal cavity, causing abdominal swelling) is often associated
Edema
Fluid in intercellular tissue spaces
May be pitting (depression caused by pressure) or non-pitting
Many causes, grading is typically 1-4+
e.g. Dependent edema with venous insufficiency; right heart failure
Lymphedema
Caused from lymphatic obstruction; non-pitting
e. g. when a lymph node dissection has been done or radiation for a malignancy
e. g. lymphedema of the arm after surgery for breast cancer
Pulses
Described as normal, decreased, or absent
e.g. “bounding” peripheral pulses with patent ductus arteriosis (condition in which ductus arteriosis does not close after birth)
Light/Simple/Gross Touch
Transmitted by fibers in Anterior Spinal Thalamic Tract
Test by wisp of cotton
Pain and temperature
Transmitted by fibers in the Lateral Spinal Thalamic Tract
Pin prick traditionally used
Propioception
Fibers run in the dorsal (posterior columns) of the spinal cord
Three components: Position sense, vibratory sense, tactile sense
Tactile Sense/Discrimination
Ability to recognize size, shape, and texture of objects by feeling (also referred to as stereognosis)
Ability to recognize letters/figures drawn on the skin by touch (also referred to as stereognosis and graphesthesia)
Two point discrimination - the ability to recognize two separate points at which pressure is applied on the skin (also referred to as stereognosis)
