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ANAT 471 > Module 5 - Development of the Digestive System, Heart, & Great Vessels > Flashcards

Module 5 - Development of the Digestive System, Heart, & Great Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

When does the GI tract first appear?

A

during the process of gastrulation from the endoderm of the trilaminar embryo

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2
Q

How does the ectoderm contribute to the GI tract?

A

enteric nervous system from neural crest cells

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3
Q

How does the mesoderm contribute to the GI tract?

A

CT, smooth muscle, blood vessels, mesentery of the GI tract

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4
Q

How does the endoderm contribute to the GI tract?

A

epithelial lining of the GI tract, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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5
Q

How is the gut tube formed?

A

when the embryo folds ventrally, endoderm sheet forms a closed tube surrounded by mesoderm

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6
Q

What are the 3 regions in the gut tube?

A

foregut, midgut, hindgut

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7
Q

What portion of the GI tract is the foregut and what blood vessels supplies it?

A

oral cavity to the duodenum is supplied by the celiac artery

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8
Q

What portion of the GI tract is the midgut and what blood vessels supplies it?

A

mid-duodenum to the first 2/3 of the transverse colon is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery

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9
Q

What portion of the GI tract is the hindgut and what blood vessels supplies it?

A

last 1/3 of the transverse colon to the anus is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery

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10
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

double layer membrane formed from splanchnic mesoderm that suspends the gut tube and its derivatives from the dorsal and ventral body wall

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11
Q

What composes the dorsal mesentary?

A

greater omentum, mesoduodenum, mesentery proper, mesocolon

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12
Q

What composes the ventral mesentary?

A

falciform, triangular, and coronary ligament of the liver, lesser omentum, peritoneal coverings of the liver

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13
Q

What are the steps to esophagus development?

A

elongation - responsible for the repositioning of the stomach in the abdomen
occlusion - proliferation of the endoderm (week 5)
recanalization - reforms a hollow tube (week 9)

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14
Q

What 4 regions is the stomach made up of?

A

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

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15
Q

How does the stomach appear in week 4 of development?

A

gastric dilation in the foregut

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16
Q

How does the stomach rotate during development?

A

longitudinal rotation - rotates 90*
anteroposterior rotation - rotates so that the pylorus moves cranially and the cardia moves caudally

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17
Q

Why are the greater and lesser curvatures of the stomach formed?

A

because differential growth, one border of the dilation elongates quicker than the other

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18
Q

What happens to the dorsal mesentery during rotation of the stomach?

A

pulls the greater omentum to the left and creates the gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments

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19
Q

What do the liver and gallbladder arise from?

A

the hepatic diverticulum

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20
Q

What are the steps to liver and gallbladder development?

A

formation of the hepatic diverticulum - grows from the distal end of the foregut and penetrates the diaphragm
division of the hepatic diverticulum - divides into the parenchyma (functional liver) and the gallbladder and cystic duct
hepatic duct formation - connection between diverticulum and foregut grows forming the hepatic duct
overgrowth of the hepatic duct - gives rise to the gallbladder and the cystic duct
liver cords differentiate - form the lining of the biliary ducts
liver stroma forms - CT capsule of the liver is derived from the diaphragm

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21
Q

How does the pancreas develop?

A

from 2 outgrowths of the gut tube endoderm

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22
Q

What are the 2 outgrowths that form the pancreas?

A

dorsal and ventral pancreatic bud

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23
Q

Where does the dorsal pancreatic bud develop from?

A

the duodenum

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24
Q

Where does the ventral pancreatic bud develop from?

A

bile buct

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25
Q

What happens to the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds?

A
  • ventral bud migrates dorsally towards the dorsal bus
  • ventral bud fuses with the dorsal bud
  • ducts also fuse; main pancreatic duct and bile duct fuse
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26
Q

After fusion, what does the ventral pancreatic bud become?

A

the uncinate process

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27
Q

After fusion, what does the dorsal pancreatic bud become?

A

main body of the pancreas

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28
Q

What is the midgut comprised of?

A

distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, 2/3 of the transverse colon

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29
Q

What are the steps to midgut development?

A

elongation - forms the primary intestinal loop (week 5)
herniation - primary loop continues to loop and grow and herniates become the abdomen is too small
rotation - intestinal loop rotates 90*
retraction - intestinal loop returns to the abdominal cavity and will complete another 180* rotation

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30
Q

How does the top of the intestinal loop and the yolk sac communicate?

A

via the vitelline duct

31
Q

What artery does the intestinal loop complete its first 90* rotation around?

A

the superior mesenteric artery

32
Q

What is the hindgut comprised of?

A

the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, the descending colon, rectum, superior anal canal

33
Q

What 4 major structures development the hindgut?

A

cloaca - shared end of the hindgut and urogenital tract
urorectal septum - migrates to the cloacal membrane and separates the the hindgut and urinary system
perineal body - cloacal membrane divides into the urogenital and anal membranes leaving the perineal body between them
anal pit - ectoderm invaginates the anal membrane to establish continuity between the anal canal and rectum

34
Q

What is the proximal 2/3 of the anal canal derived from?

A

endoderm

35
Q

What is the distal 1/3 of the anal canal derived from?

A

ectoderm

36
Q

What are the 2 ganglion neuron networks in the enteric nervous system?

A

myenteric and submucosal plexus

37
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus situated?

A

between the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers of the intestines

38
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus situated?

A

in the submucosa layer of the intestines

39
Q

What is the enteric nervous system a derivative of?

A

the autonomic nervous system

40
Q

Where do enteric nervous system neurons come from?

A

neural crest cells

41
Q

What is the role of the enteric nervous system?

A

functions with the smooth muscle and intestinal villi to control absorption and secretion in the GI tract

42
Q

When does heart tube formation begin?

A

middle of week 3 with the appearance of cardiac progenitor cells

43
Q

What are progenitor cells derived from?

A

intraembryonic mesoderm and the cranial/3 of the primitive streak

44
Q

How do the progenitor cells migrate to form the heart tube?

A
  • migrate in a craniolateral direction within the lateral plate mesoderm and form localized groups that sit to the right and left of the primitive streak (heart fields)
  • form a U shaped tube around the developing notochord
45
Q

How does embryonic folding change the heart tube?

A

longitudinally - positions the tube in the thorax
laterally - allow for endocardial tubes to fuse

46
Q

What is the bulbus cordis divided into?

A

truncus arteriosus, conus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium

47
Q

What is the truncus arteriosus?

A

outflow tracts of the aorta and pulmonary arteries

48
Q

What is the conus cordis?

A

outflow tracts of the right and left ventricles

49
Q

What is the primitive ventricle?

A

walls of the ventricles

50
Q

What is the primitive atrium?

A

divide into the left and right atria

51
Q

What is the sinus venosus connected to?

A

the venous system

52
Q

What happens to the heart as it continues growing?

A

restricted by the diaphragm and the pericardium so it must bend to continue growing

53
Q

What happens to the heart structures throughout development?

A

primitive atria move posteriorly and the bulbus cordis come to lie between the primitive right and left atria

54
Q

What separates the right and left atria in the adult heart?

A

interatrial septum

55
Q

What separates the right and left ventricles in the adult heart?

A

interventricular septum

56
Q

What are the 3 stages of development of the interatrial septum?

A

septum primum - proliferating cells from the atria roof flow caudally towards the endocardial cushion
ostium primum - opening between the endocardial cushion and septum primum
ostium secundum - another opening in the septum primum after fusion with the endocardial cushion
septum secundum - another proliferating septum from the atria roof grows caudally to cover the ostium secundum

57
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

oval shaped window that allows blood to pass between the atria covered by a thin flap of the septum primum

58
Q

How does the foramen ovale allow for the shunting of blood?

A

allows the oxygenated blood coming from the placenta pass through to the left ventricle to bypass pulmonary circulation

59
Q

What happens to the foramen ovale at birth?

A

septum primum and secundum fuse and close off the foramen

60
Q

What will the aortic sac develop into?

A

the future aorta

61
Q

What is the ventral aorta?

A

the right and left branches of the aortic sac

62
Q

What are the aortic arches?

A

6 arteries that branch off each ventral aorta

63
Q

What do the aortic arches wrap around and follow the structure of?

A

the pharyngeal arches

64
Q

What is the dorsal aorta?

A

connect to the aortic arches and connect back to the aortic sac

65
Q

What do the aortic arches supply blood to?

A

their associated pharyngeal arch

66
Q

What happens to aortic arch 1, 2, and 5?

A

they disappear

67
Q

What happens to aortic arch 3?

A

become the internal carotid arteries and common carotid arteries (dorsal aorta), external carotid arteries (ventral aorta)

68
Q

What happens to aortic arch 4?

A

right subclavian (right ventral) and aortic arch (left ventral)

69
Q

What happens to aortic arch 6?

A

right and left pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

70
Q

What does the sinus venosus receive blood from?

A

vitelline, umbilical, and cardinal veins

71
Q

What do the vitelline veins drain?

A

the yolk sac

72
Q

What do the umbilical veins do?

A

carry oxygenated blood to the embryo

73
Q

What do the cardinal veins drain?

A

body of the embryo

74
Q

What having to the embryonic veins?

A

veins on the left tend to regress and veins of the right enlarge and give rise to the great veins

ANAT 471 (4 decks)

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