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ANAT 471 > Module 4: Development of the Nervous System, Musculoskeletal System, and Limbs > Flashcards

Module 4: Development of the Nervous System, Musculoskeletal System, and Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

When does development of the brain begin?

A

formation of the notochord in week 3

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2
Q

When do brain vesicles start forming?

A

week 5

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3
Q

Where do brain vesicles and flexures start to form?

A

cranial end of the neural tube

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4
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles and what do they differentiate into?

A

prosencephalon -> cerebrum
mesencephalon -> midbrain
rhombencephalon -> pons, cerebellum, medulla

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5
Q

What are the 3 major brain flexures?

A

midbrain flexure, cervical flexure, pontine flexure

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6
Q

Where does the ectoderm that forms the pituitary gland come from?

A

Rathke’s pouch and the infundibulum

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7
Q

What is Rathke’s pouch and what pituitary lobe does it form?

A

ectodermal out-pocketing of the developing mouth; forms the anterior lobe

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8
Q

What is infundibulum and what pituitary lobe does it form?

A

downward extension of the hypothalamus; forms the posterior lobe

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9
Q

What are the steps to pituitary gland development?

A

out pocketing - infundibulum Rathke’s pouch outpocket from the hypothalamus and stomodeum, respectively
migration - migrate towards each other
regression - connecting stalk between stomodeum and Rathke’s pouch regresses
detachment - Rathke’s pouch detaches from the stomodeum and becomes part of the posterior lobe
differentiation - Rathke’s pouch becomes the anterior lobe and infundibulum becomes the posterior lobe

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10
Q

What are the 3 ectoderm layers of the neural tube?

A

ventricular, mantle, marginal

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11
Q

What is the ventricular ectoderm layer?

A

innermost layer that contains neuroepithelial cells; produces neuroblasts; eventually become neurons in the CNS

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12
Q

What is the mantle ectoderm layer?

A

middle layer; eventually becomes the grey matter of the CNS

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13
Q

What is the marginal ectoderm layer?

A

outer layer; eventually becomes the white matter of the CNS

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14
Q

How does the spinal cord development?

A

proliferation of neuroblasts in the ventricular layer thickens the mantle layer

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15
Q

What are dorsal thickenings of the mantle layer called?

A

alar plates

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16
Q

What are ventral thickenings of the mantle layer called?

A

basal plates

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17
Q

What separates the alar and basal plates throughout the spinal cord?

A

sulcus limitans

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18
Q

What do the alar plates contain?

A

sensory neurons

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19
Q

What do the basal plates contain?

A

motor neurons

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20
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system divided into?

A

autonomic and somatic nervous systems

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21
Q

What does the ANS do?

A

involuntary functions of the body

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22
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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23
Q

What does the SNS do?

A

voluntary control of body movements

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24
Q

What are the divisions of the SNS?

A

motor and sensory

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25
Q

What do peripheral nerves carry?

A

motor an sensory nerves from the SNS and autonomic nerves

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26
Q

Where do motor nerves emerge from?

A

ventral horn of the spinal cord

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27
Q

Where do sensory nerves emerge from?

A

dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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28
Q

Where do autonomic nerves emerge from?

A

lateral horns of the spinal cord

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29
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system develop from?

A

neural crest cells from the motor, sensory, and autonomic components

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30
Q

How do neural crest cells migrate?

A

migrate from the neural tube along dorsolateral and ventral pathways through somites

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31
Q

What happens when neural crest cells pass through somites?

A

imposes a segmental pattern on the cells; cells that stop migrating after entering a somite give rise to dorsal root and autonomic ganglia

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32
Q

What are somites precursors for?

A

muscles and bones

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33
Q

What do somites form from?

A

paraxial mesoderm

34
Q

How do somite form?

A

epithelialization - occurs on both sides of the neural tube
segmentation - presomitic paraxial mesoderm forms epithelial somites with somitocele cells inside them
differentiation - somites differentiate into sclerotome and dermomyotome

35
Q

What are sclerotomes?

A

formed from the ventral portion of the somite and contribute to the cartilage and bone of the vertebral column and ribs

36
Q

What are dermomyotomes?

A

formed from the dorsal portion of the somite and contribute to the overlying dermis of the back and skeletal muscles of limbs

37
Q

How do dermomyotomes further divide?

A

into myotomes and dermatomes

38
Q

What does the dorsal myotome contribute to?

A

back musculature

39
Q

What does the ventral myotome contribute to?

A

trunk and limb muscles

40
Q

What happens to the dermatome?

A

re-acquire their mesenchymal phenotype and mix with the somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm to form the dermis

41
Q

What is skeletal muscle derived from?

A

paraxial mesoderm (somites and somitomers)

42
Q

What is smooth muscle derived from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

43
Q

What is cardiac muscle derived from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

44
Q

How do skeletal muscles develop?

A

progenitor cells in the myotome of somites differentiate into myoblasts to form muscle cells; myoblasts fuse together to form skeletal muscle fibres

45
Q

How do skeletal muscle form?

A

dividing myoblasts - myoblasts proliferate if there is fibroblast growth factor (FGF) present
cell alignment - myoblast proliferation ends when FGF runs out and cell begin to align for myotube formation
myotube formation - alignment of myoblasts
muscle fibre formation - myotubes fuse to form muscle fibres

46
Q

What are the 2 types of ossification?

A

endochondral and intramembranous

47
Q

What does endochondral ossification give rise to?

A

skull base, vertebral column, long bones, pelvis

48
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

process of forming bone through cartilage

49
Q

What are the steps of endochondral ossification?

A

mesenchymal cells differentiation - into chondroblasts that form cartilaginous skeletal precursor
hyaline cartilage production - chondroblasts produce hyaline cartilage that resemble the shape of future bone
osteoblasts - blood vessel invasion produces osteoblasts pushing the chondrocytes to the ends of the bone; chondrocytes mineralize the surrounding matrix and osteoblasts bind to the matrices to deposit bone matrices
continued growth - cartilage model will grow in length by proliferation of chondrocytes and secretion of bone matices

50
Q

What does intramembranous ossification give rise to?

A

cranial vault, maxilla, mandible, clavicle

51
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

process of forming bone directly from mesenchyme

52
Q

What are the steps of intramembranous ossification?

A

mesenchymal cells differentiation - osteoblasts group into ossification centres and secrete osteiod
osteocytes - binding of calcium to osteoid calcifies the matrix trapping osteoblasts creating osteocytes
spongy bone - osteoid continues to be secreted around blood vessels
compact bone - calcified spicules become surrounded by mesenchymal cells that form periosteum

53
Q

What portion of the somite develops into the vertebral column, intervertebral discs, and ribs?

A

sclerotome

54
Q

What are the steps to vertebral column formation?

A

migration - sclerotome cells migrate toward the notochord and neural tube and is split by von Ebner’s fissures
neuronal extension - neural tube neurons extend through the fissures to innervate the myo/dermatomes
division - sclerotome is separated into cranial and caudal area by the fissures and peripheral nerves
resegmentation - vertebrae bodies form where a caudal portion and the following cranial portion intermingle

55
Q

How do intervertebral discs form?

A

the notochord persists as the nucleus pulposus which is surrounded by a circular annulus fibrosus

56
Q

How are the spinal nerves and vertebral canal arranged during the start of development?

A

lie adjacent to each other

57
Q

What happens the spinal nerves as the vertebral column grows?

A

outstrips the growth of the spinal cord; loss of physical concordance between spinal nerve and vertebral segments

58
Q

What does the outstrip in growth cause?

A

development of the cauda equina

59
Q

What 2 regions does the skull consist of?

A

neurocranium and viscerocranium

60
Q

How is the neurocranium further subdivided?

A

membranous and cartilaginous neurocranium

61
Q

How is the membranous neurocranium formed?

A

through intramembranous ossification

62
Q

How is the cartilaginous neurocranium formed?

A

through endochondral ossification

63
Q

What does the viscerocranium give rise to?

A

the bones of the face

64
Q

When does limb development begin?

A

at the end of week 4

65
Q

What are limb buds?

A

visible out pocketings from the body wall

66
Q

What do limb buds consist of?

A

mesenchyme core derived from lateral plate mesoderm covered by ectoderm

67
Q

What is an apical ectodermal ridge?

A

thickening of the ectoderm at the end of the limb

68
Q

What is the purpose of the apical ectodermal ridge?

A

act as a signaling center to ensure proper development

69
Q

What are hand and foot plates?

A

flattened limb buds

70
Q

How do fingers and toes develop?

A

develop on the hand and foot plates when apoptosis in the apical ectodermal ridge separates the plates into 5 parts

71
Q

What are volar pads?

A

temporary swellings of the tissues on the ventral surface of fingers and toes

72
Q

What does volar pad formation lead to?

A

epidermal ridge formation

73
Q

When do volar pads start to regress?

A

week 10-12

74
Q

What are epidermal ridges?

A

epidermis ridges on the palms of hands and soles of feet

75
Q

What do epidermal ridges make up?

A

our fingerprints

76
Q

When do epidermal ridges form?

A

week 11-17

77
Q

What are the 3 epidermal ridge patterns?

A

loop, whorl, arch

78
Q

What does a loop pattern mean?

A

intermediate height volar pads

79
Q

What does a whorl pattern mean?

A

high and round volar pads

80
Q

What does an arch pattern mean?

A

low volar pads

ANAT 471 (4 decks)

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