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ANAT 471 > Module 4: Development of the Nervous System, Musculoskeletal System, and Limbs > Flashcards

Module 4: Development of the Nervous System, Musculoskeletal System, and Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

When does development of the brain begin?

A

formation of the notochord in week 3

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2
Q

When do brain vesicles start forming?

A

week 5

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3
Q

Where do brain vesicles and flexures start to form?

A

cranial end of the neural tube

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4
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles and what do they differentiate into?

A

prosencephalon -> cerebrum
mesencephalon -> midbrain
rhombencephalon -> pons, cerebellum, medulla

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5
Q

What are the 3 major brain flexures?

A

midbrain flexure, cervical flexure, pontine flexure

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6
Q

Where does the ectoderm that forms the pituitary gland come from?

A

Rathke’s pouch and the infundibulum

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7
Q

What is Rathke’s pouch and what pituitary lobe does it form?

A

ectodermal out-pocketing of the developing mouth; forms the anterior lobe

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8
Q

What is infundibulum and what pituitary lobe does it form?

A

downward extension of the hypothalamus; forms the posterior lobe

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9
Q

What are the steps to pituitary gland development?

A

out pocketing - infundibulum Rathke’s pouch outpocket from the hypothalamus and stomodeum, respectively
migration - migrate towards each other
regression - connecting stalk between stomodeum and Rathke’s pouch regresses
detachment - Rathke’s pouch detaches from the stomodeum and becomes part of the posterior lobe
differentiation - Rathke’s pouch becomes the anterior lobe and infundibulum becomes the posterior lobe

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10
Q

What are the 3 ectoderm layers of the neural tube?

A

ventricular, mantle, marginal

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11
Q

What is the ventricular ectoderm layer?

A

innermost layer that contains neuroepithelial cells; produces neuroblasts; eventually become neurons in the CNS

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12
Q

What is the mantle ectoderm layer?

A

middle layer; eventually becomes the grey matter of the CNS

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13
Q

What is the marginal ectoderm layer?

A

outer layer; eventually becomes the white matter of the CNS

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14
Q

How does the spinal cord development?

A

proliferation of neuroblasts in the ventricular layer thickens the mantle layer

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15
Q

What are dorsal thickenings of the mantle layer called?

A

alar plates

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16
Q

What are ventral thickenings of the mantle layer called?

A

basal plates

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17
Q

What separates the alar and basal plates throughout the spinal cord?

A

sulcus limitans

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18
Q

What do the alar plates contain?

A

sensory neurons

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19
Q

What do the basal plates contain?

A

motor neurons

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20
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system divided into?

A

autonomic and somatic nervous systems

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21
Q

What does the ANS do?

A

involuntary functions of the body

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22
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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23
Q

What does the SNS do?

A

voluntary control of body movements

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24
Q

What are the divisions of the SNS?

A

motor and sensory

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25
What do peripheral nerves carry?
motor an sensory nerves from the SNS and autonomic nerves
26
Where do motor nerves emerge from?
ventral horn of the spinal cord
27
Where do sensory nerves emerge from?
dorsal horn of the spinal cord
28
Where do autonomic nerves emerge from?
lateral horns of the spinal cord
29
What does the peripheral nervous system develop from?
neural crest cells from the motor, sensory, and autonomic components
30
How do neural crest cells migrate?
migrate from the neural tube along dorsolateral and ventral pathways through somites
31
What happens when neural crest cells pass through somites?
imposes a segmental pattern on the cells; cells that stop migrating after entering a somite give rise to dorsal root and autonomic ganglia
32
What are somites precursors for?
muscles and bones
33
What do somites form from?
paraxial mesoderm
34
How do somite form?
epithelialization - occurs on both sides of the neural tube segmentation - presomitic paraxial mesoderm forms epithelial somites with somitocele cells inside them differentiation - somites differentiate into sclerotome and dermomyotome
35
What are sclerotomes?
formed from the ventral portion of the somite and contribute to the cartilage and bone of the vertebral column and ribs
36
What are dermomyotomes?
formed from the dorsal portion of the somite and contribute to the overlying dermis of the back and skeletal muscles of limbs
37
How do dermomyotomes further divide?
into myotomes and dermatomes
38
What does the dorsal myotome contribute to?
back musculature
39
What does the ventral myotome contribute to?
trunk and limb muscles
40
What happens to the dermatome?
re-acquire their mesenchymal phenotype and mix with the somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm to form the dermis
41
What is skeletal muscle derived from?
paraxial mesoderm (somites and somitomers)
42
What is smooth muscle derived from?
splanchnic mesoderm
43
What is cardiac muscle derived from?
splanchnic mesoderm
44
How do skeletal muscles develop?
progenitor cells in the myotome of somites differentiate into myoblasts to form muscle cells; myoblasts fuse together to form skeletal muscle fibres
45
How do skeletal muscle form?
dividing myoblasts - myoblasts proliferate if there is fibroblast growth factor (FGF) present cell alignment - myoblast proliferation ends when FGF runs out and cell begin to align for myotube formation myotube formation - alignment of myoblasts muscle fibre formation - myotubes fuse to form muscle fibres
46
What are the 2 types of ossification?
endochondral and intramembranous
47
What does endochondral ossification give rise to?
skull base, vertebral column, long bones, pelvis
48
What is endochondral ossification?
process of forming bone through cartilage
49
What are the steps of endochondral ossification?
mesenchymal cells differentiation - into chondroblasts that form cartilaginous skeletal precursor hyaline cartilage production - chondroblasts produce hyaline cartilage that resemble the shape of future bone osteoblasts - blood vessel invasion produces osteoblasts pushing the chondrocytes to the ends of the bone; chondrocytes mineralize the surrounding matrix and osteoblasts bind to the matrices to deposit bone matrices continued growth - cartilage model will grow in length by proliferation of chondrocytes and secretion of bone matices
50
What does intramembranous ossification give rise to?
cranial vault, maxilla, mandible, clavicle
51
What is intramembranous ossification?
process of forming bone directly from mesenchyme
52
What are the steps of intramembranous ossification?
mesenchymal cells differentiation - osteoblasts group into ossification centres and secrete osteiod osteocytes - binding of calcium to osteoid calcifies the matrix trapping osteoblasts creating osteocytes spongy bone - osteoid continues to be secreted around blood vessels compact bone - calcified spicules become surrounded by mesenchymal cells that form periosteum
53
What portion of the somite develops into the vertebral column, intervertebral discs, and ribs?
sclerotome
54
What are the steps to vertebral column formation?
migration - sclerotome cells migrate toward the notochord and neural tube and is split by von Ebner's fissures neuronal extension - neural tube neurons extend through the fissures to innervate the myo/dermatomes division - sclerotome is separated into cranial and caudal area by the fissures and peripheral nerves resegmentation - vertebrae bodies form where a caudal portion and the following cranial portion intermingle
55
How do intervertebral discs form?
the notochord persists as the nucleus pulposus which is surrounded by a circular annulus fibrosus
56
How are the spinal nerves and vertebral canal arranged during the start of development?
lie adjacent to each other
57
What happens the spinal nerves as the vertebral column grows?
outstrips the growth of the spinal cord; loss of physical concordance between spinal nerve and vertebral segments
58
What does the outstrip in growth cause?
development of the cauda equina
59
What 2 regions does the skull consist of?
neurocranium and viscerocranium
60
How is the neurocranium further subdivided?
membranous and cartilaginous neurocranium
61
How is the membranous neurocranium formed?
through intramembranous ossification
62
How is the cartilaginous neurocranium formed?
through endochondral ossification
63
What does the viscerocranium give rise to?
the bones of the face
64
When does limb development begin?
at the end of week 4
65
What are limb buds?
visible out pocketings from the body wall
66
What do limb buds consist of?
mesenchyme core derived from lateral plate mesoderm covered by ectoderm
67
What is an apical ectodermal ridge?
thickening of the ectoderm at the end of the limb
68
What is the purpose of the apical ectodermal ridge?
act as a signaling center to ensure proper development
69
What are hand and foot plates?
flattened limb buds
70
How do fingers and toes develop?
develop on the hand and foot plates when apoptosis in the apical ectodermal ridge separates the plates into 5 parts
71
What are volar pads?
temporary swellings of the tissues on the ventral surface of fingers and toes
72
What does volar pad formation lead to?
epidermal ridge formation
73
When do volar pads start to regress?
week 10-12
74
What are epidermal ridges?
epidermis ridges on the palms of hands and soles of feet
75
What do epidermal ridges make up?
our fingerprints
76
When do epidermal ridges form?
week 11-17
77
What are the 3 epidermal ridge patterns?
loop, whorl, arch
78
What does a loop pattern mean?
intermediate height volar pads
79
What does a whorl pattern mean?
high and round volar pads
80
What does an arch pattern mean?
low volar pads

ANAT 471 (4 decks)

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