Module 5: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Silver & Copper Wiring
Narrowing & thickening of the retinal arteriolar walls resulting in the central portion appearing as thin, bright wires on ophthalmoscopic examination
AV Nicking
The appearance of retinal venules being pinched off due to compression by overlying arterioles that are hardened with atherosclerotic plaque
Jugular Pulsations
Visible wave-like fluctuations of blood in the jugular veins that reflect right atrial functioning
Exaggerated “a” Wave
- Increased pressure from atrial contraction
- Sign of tricuspid stenosis or myxoma
Absent “a” Waves
- Most commonly would be atrial fibrillation
- Could also mean dilated right atrial cardiomyopathy
High-Amplitude “v” Waves
- Normal amplitude is slightly less than “a”
- Most commonly tricuspid regurgitation
Tricuspid Regurgitation
Backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium
Elevated Jugular Venous Pressure
- Higher than 10 cm
- Usually means increased pressure in the right atrium
Low Jugular Venous Pressure
- Less than 1 cm
- If patient must be lowered to supine position before jugular venous column can be seen, pressure is low
- Reflects low-volume status
- Can be found w/ dehydration or anemia
Point of Maximal Impulse
The location where the apex of the heart, the tip of the left ventricle, taps against the anterior chest wall during systole
Diagnose PMI displacement inferiorly and to the left
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Chronic hypertension or aortic stenosis
Diagnose PMI left displacement
- Mitral regurgitation
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Right-sided tension pneumothorax
Diagnose PMI Displacement to the right and inferiorly
- COPD
- The flattened diaphragm allows the heart to shift medially
Diagnose PMI on the right side of the chest
Presence of dextrocardia
Where do you auscultate the Aortic valvular area?
2nd right intercostal space (ICS) along the sternal border
Where do you auscultate the Pulmonic valvular area?
2nd left ICS along sternal border
Where do you auscultate the Tricuspid valvular area?
4th or 5th left ICS along sternal border
Where do you auscultate the Mitral valvular area?
4th or 5th ICS mid-clavicular line
S1 is sound created by the ____ and marks the onset of ____ ____where contraction of the ventricles causes the ____ & _____ to close
- Closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves
- Ventricular systole
- Mitral and tricuspid valves
S1 is one audible heart sound, but includes the sounds of _____ & _____ closure at the same time
Mitral & tricuspid
S2 is created by the closure of the _____, marking the onset of ______ and the closure of the ______ & _____ valves
- Semilunar valves
- Ventricular diastole
- Aortic and pulmonic
S3 is a ___ frequency sound occurring early in _____ _____ as a result of _____
- Low
- Ventricular diastole
- Turbulence
What could cause the S3 gallop?
- Enlargement of the chamber ventricles
- Associated w/ heart failure
- Could be a normal finding in younger patients
S4 is a ___ frequency sound occurring late in ____ _____ as a result of _____
- Low
- Ventricular diastole
- Turbulence
