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BIOM1070 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Is endocrine fast or slow?

A

slow

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2
Q

hormones

A

long distance chemical signals that travel in blood and exert effects throughout body

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3
Q

what processes do hormones regulate

A 
growth and development 
electrolyte and nutrient homeostasis 
metabolism 
body defences 
reproduction
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4
Q

not steroid based hormone

A

adrenalin

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5
Q

4 Tropic hormones

A

ACTH
FSH
LH
TSH

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6
Q

the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood

A

parathyroid hormone

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7
Q

where is alderosterone secreted

A

outer layer of adrenal cortex

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8
Q

3 plasma membrane components

A

hormone receptor
g protein
effector enzyme regulates intracellular levels

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9
Q

water soluble hormones act via…

A

plasma membrane

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10
Q

lipid soluble hormones act via…

A

intracellular receptors (inside cell)

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11
Q

water soluble hormones hormone class

A

amino acid - circulate free

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12
Q

lipid soluble hormones hormone class

A

steroid- protein bound

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13
Q

3 hormone interactions

A

permissiveness- needs another hormone to help
synergism- two hormones exert same affect
antagonism- opposing actions

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14
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls hormone release from anterior and posterior pituitary

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15
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH-anti diuretic hormone

Oxytocin

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16
Q

posterior pituitary _______ hormones

A

stores

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17
Q

anterior pituitary _____ hormones

A

makes

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18
Q

ADH

A

inhibits urine production and conserves water

stimulated by dehydration

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19
Q

6 anterior pituitary hormones

A 
Prolactin PRL
Growth Hormone GH
Thyroid stimulating TSH
adrenocorticotropic ACTH
FSH and LH
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20
Q

Growth hormone

A

growth and metabolism

stimulated by GHRH

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21
Q

oxytocin

A

childbirth ad breastfeeding

stimulated by stretching of cervix and infant suckling

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22
Q

Prolactin

A

breast development and lactation

stimulated by dopamine and estrogens

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23
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

development of thyroid gland and metabolic rate

stimulated by TRH and low thyroid hormone

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24
Q

ACTH

A

activity of adrenal cortex and stress response

stimulated by CRH

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25
FSH and LH
activity of gonads and hormone production | stimulated by GnRH
26
Effects of thyroid hormone
metabolic rate, tissue growth and development and maintain blood pressure
27
2 Thyroid gland hormones
``` T3 (formed by conversion of T4, x10 more active) and T4 (major) ```
28
TSH stimulated by ….
low and high TH blood levels
29
parathyroid hormone
Ca2+ balance
30
3 cortex - corticosteroids categories
mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids
31
mineralcorticoids
Aldosterone - regulates salt balance and blood volume and pressure stimulated by low blood pressure
32
glucocorticoids
cortisol- energy and metabolism, resistance of stress | stimulated by ACTH
33
gonadocorticoids
androgens- unknown sex hormones | stimulated by ACTH
34
2 adrenal categories
cortex and medulla
35
medulla categeory
catecholamines
36
catecholamines
adrenalin - metabolic activities, heart rate | noradrenalin- peripheral vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure
37
Long term stress category
adrenal cortex
38
short term stress category
adrenal medulla
39
pineal gland
melatonin- controls biological clock and rhythms
40
pancrease hormones
glucagon- increase blood glucose levels- stimulated by low blood glucose insulin- decreases blood glucose levels- stimulated by high levels
41
diabetes mellitus
sweetened with honey | deficiency in insulin
42
diabetes insipidus
lack of flavour | deficiency of ADH
43
type 1 diabetes and treatment
deficient insulin production - injection
44
type 2 diabetes and treatment
insulin resistance -lifestyle
45
testes
testosterone- male reproductive development and function (steroid hormone)
46
ovaries
estrogens and progesterone -female reproductive development and function (steroid hormone)
47
Hormone involved in spermatogenesis
FSH
48
Hormone involved in secretion of testosterone in testes
LH
49
Hormone involved in triggering ovulation
LH surge
50
Hormone involved in survival of growth of follicles
FSH & LH
51
Deficiency in ADH illness and what it does
diabetes insipidus - high urine output, intense thirst
52
prolactinoma
benign growth of prolactin cells- results in infertility or lack of menses
53
Underactive thyroid symptoms
low dietary iodine, low metabolism, constipation, goiter
54
Graves disease
overactive thyroid- high metabolism, sweating, goiter
55
Hyperparathyroidism
excess PTH- parathyroid tumor | ca2+ Leaches from bones, depressed nervous system
56
Hypoparathyroidism
parathyroid trauma- deficiency in PTH- twitching and excitable neurons
57
Aldosteronism
mineralocorticoid excess- caused by adrenal tumor, symptoms are hypertension and edema
58
Cushing's syndrome
glucocorticoid excess. adrenal cortex tumor | symptoms: high blood glucose, loss in muscle, moon face
59
Addisons disease
underactive adrenal cortex, deficits in glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids symptoms: weight loss, dehydration, bronzing of skin
60
Adrenogenital syndrome/ masculinisation
gonad corticoids excess-genetic mutation | symptoms: premature maturation of reproductive organs
61
Adrenal catecholamine excess
caused by medullary chromaffin cell tumor | symptoms: high metabolism, fast heartrate, sweating
62
What hormone is affected in the disease called diabetes insipidus?
ADH
63
What is the difference between T3& T4? Which is secreted in higher amounts by the thyroid gland?
T3has 3 iodine atoms, T4has 4 iodine atoms | T4secreted in higher amounts but T3 is 10X more active
64
What hormone is the single most important hormone for calcium balance
Parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland
65
Which hormone is affected when a goiter develops
Thyroid hormone. Goiter develops when TH levels are low due to excess TSH stimulation
66
Cyclic AMP signaling
amino acid-based hormones use this mechanism to exert their actions & involves hormone binding to plasma membrane receptors
67
Thyroid hormone
amino acid-based hormone but is not water soluble& therefore binds to intracellular receptors
68
Acute stress involves
neural stimuli from the hypothalamus to the adrenal medulla (releases the catecholamines,adrenalin & noradrenalin, from modified sympathetic neurons), to result in a fight or flight response
69
The skin synthesizes...
inactive Vitamin D
70
Leptin
promotes feelings of satiety
71
Flexion and extension
flexion is with the movement and extension is against the movement. eg. arm back behind body
72
What is the full STRUCTURAL classification of the glenohumeral joint?
Synovial ball and socket
73
What tissue/s make up the skeletal muscle organ?
Muscle tissue and connective tissue
74
Effect, target, stimulated by, inhibited by | Glucocorticoids: cortisol
- energy metabolism, resistance of stress, & blood pressure - liver for glucogenesis - ACTH - increased cortisol
75
Effect, target, stimulated by, inhibited by Gonadocorticoids: androgens
- weak sex hormones - female public hair, libido - ACTH - unknown
76
the 4 regulating factors of aldosterone release
decrease blood pressure (RAAS activation) increase K+ in blood stressors (ACTH) increase blood pressure (ANP)
77
Suggest some treatment options for diabetes type 2
Lifestyle changes, insulin sensitisers, insulin secretagogues
78
Ad:Nad ratio
80:20
79
What are the three main types of interaction BETWEEN hormones?
Permissiveness- hormone needs another to exert full effects Synergism- two hormones exert same effect which is amplified when combined Antagonism- opposing actions
80
What are the three factors behind the degree of target cell activation for hormones?
- Blood levels of hormone - Number of receptors - Strength of binding
81
What hormone would trigger the release of TSH
TRH
82
hypocalcaemia
low blood Ca2+
83
Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ________.
glucagon at the liver
84
What are the two classification of reflexes and what is the result?
Autonomic -inner organs | Somatic- muscles
85
What are the 3 primary regions of each cerebral hemisphere?
Cerebral cortex, internal white matter, basal nuclei (grey matter within white)
86
What does the central sulcus separate?
Frontal and parietal lobe
87
Which correctly identifies the types of glial cells found in the CNS?
Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
88
What are two implications of a refractory period?
1. Limits firing frequency | 2. The action potential can only travel in one direction
89
3 stimuli that trigger hormone release
Humoral: caused by altered levels of critical nutrients (low Ca2+) Neural: caused by neural input (AP) Hormonal: caused by another hormone (from hypothalamus)
90
independent and dependant variable
what's changed and what's measured
91
Adenalate cyclase
converts ATP to 2nd messenger cAMP
92
cAMP
second messenger- represent a further amplication of initial hormone signal
93
what does cAMP activate
protein kinases

BIOM1070 (3 decks)

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