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BIOM1070 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Is endocrine fast or slow?

A

slow

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2
Q

hormones

A

long distance chemical signals that travel in blood and exert effects throughout body

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3
Q

what processes do hormones regulate

A 
growth and development 
electrolyte and nutrient homeostasis 
metabolism 
body defences 
reproduction
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4
Q

not steroid based hormone

A

adrenalin

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5
Q

4 Tropic hormones

A

ACTH
FSH
LH
TSH

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6
Q

the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood

A

parathyroid hormone

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7
Q

where is alderosterone secreted

A

outer layer of adrenal cortex

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8
Q

3 plasma membrane components

A

hormone receptor
g protein
effector enzyme regulates intracellular levels

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9
Q

water soluble hormones act via…

A

plasma membrane

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10
Q

lipid soluble hormones act via…

A

intracellular receptors (inside cell)

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11
Q

water soluble hormones hormone class

A

amino acid - circulate free

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12
Q

lipid soluble hormones hormone class

A

steroid- protein bound

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13
Q

3 hormone interactions

A

permissiveness- needs another hormone to help
synergism- two hormones exert same affect
antagonism- opposing actions

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14
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls hormone release from anterior and posterior pituitary

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15
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH-anti diuretic hormone

Oxytocin

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16
Q

posterior pituitary _______ hormones

A

stores

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17
Q

anterior pituitary _____ hormones

A

makes

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18
Q

ADH

A

inhibits urine production and conserves water

stimulated by dehydration

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19
Q

6 anterior pituitary hormones

A 
Prolactin PRL
Growth Hormone GH
Thyroid stimulating TSH
adrenocorticotropic ACTH
FSH and LH
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20
Q

Growth hormone

A

growth and metabolism

stimulated by GHRH

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21
Q

oxytocin

A

childbirth ad breastfeeding

stimulated by stretching of cervix and infant suckling

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22
Q

Prolactin

A

breast development and lactation

stimulated by dopamine and estrogens

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23
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

development of thyroid gland and metabolic rate

stimulated by TRH and low thyroid hormone

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24
Q

ACTH

A

activity of adrenal cortex and stress response

stimulated by CRH

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25
Q

FSH and LH

A

activity of gonads and hormone production

stimulated by GnRH

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26
Q

Effects of thyroid hormone

A

metabolic rate, tissue growth and development and maintain blood pressure

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27
Q

2 Thyroid gland hormones

A 
T3 (formed by conversion of T4, x10 more active)
 and T4 (major)
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28
Q

TSH stimulated by ….

A

low and high TH blood levels

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29
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

Ca2+ balance

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30
Q

3 cortex - corticosteroids categories

A

mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids

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31
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

Aldosterone - regulates salt balance and blood volume and pressure
stimulated by low blood pressure

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32
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol- energy and metabolism, resistance of stress

stimulated by ACTH

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33
Q

gonadocorticoids

A

androgens- unknown sex hormones

stimulated by ACTH

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34
Q

2 adrenal categories

A

cortex and medulla

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35
Q

medulla categeory

A

catecholamines

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36
Q

catecholamines

A

adrenalin - metabolic activities, heart rate

noradrenalin- peripheral vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure

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37
Q

Long term stress category

A

adrenal cortex

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38
Q

short term stress category

A

adrenal medulla

39
Q

pineal gland

A

melatonin- controls biological clock and rhythms

40
Q

pancrease hormones

A

glucagon- increase blood glucose levels- stimulated by low blood glucose

insulin- decreases blood glucose levels- stimulated by high levels

41
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

sweetened with honey

deficiency in insulin

42
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

lack of flavour

deficiency of ADH

43
Q

type 1 diabetes and treatment

A

deficient insulin production - injection

44
Q

type 2 diabetes and treatment

A

insulin resistance -lifestyle

45
Q

testes

A

testosterone- male reproductive development and function (steroid hormone)

46
Q

ovaries

A

estrogens and progesterone -female reproductive development and function (steroid hormone)

47
Q

Hormone involved in spermatogenesis

A

FSH

48
Q

Hormone involved in secretion of testosterone in testes

A

LH

49
Q

Hormone involved in triggering ovulation

A

LH surge

50
Q

Hormone involved in survival of growth of follicles

A

FSH & LH

51
Q

Deficiency in ADH illness and what it does

A

diabetes insipidus - high urine output, intense thirst

52
Q

prolactinoma

A

benign growth of prolactin cells- results in infertility or lack of menses

53
Q

Underactive thyroid symptoms

A

low dietary iodine, low metabolism, constipation, goiter

54
Q

Graves disease

A

overactive thyroid- high metabolism, sweating, goiter

55
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

excess PTH- parathyroid tumor

ca2+ Leaches from bones, depressed nervous system

56
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

parathyroid trauma- deficiency in PTH- twitching and excitable neurons

57
Q

Aldosteronism

A

mineralocorticoid excess- caused by adrenal tumor, symptoms are hypertension and edema

58
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

glucocorticoid excess. adrenal cortex tumor

symptoms: high blood glucose, loss in muscle, moon face

59
Q

Addisons disease

A

underactive adrenal cortex, deficits in glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids
symptoms: weight loss, dehydration, bronzing of skin

60
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome/ masculinisation

A

gonad corticoids excess-genetic mutation

symptoms: premature maturation of reproductive organs

61
Q

Adrenal catecholamine excess

A

caused by medullary chromaffin cell tumor

symptoms: high metabolism, fast heartrate, sweating

62
Q

What hormone is affected in the disease called diabetes insipidus?

A

ADH

63
Q

What is the difference between T3& T4? Which is secreted in higher amounts by the thyroid gland?

A

T3has 3 iodine atoms, T4has 4 iodine atoms

T4secreted in higher amounts but T3 is 10X more active

64
Q

What hormone is the single most important hormone for calcium balance

A

Parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland

65
Q

Which hormone is affected when a goiter develops

A

Thyroid hormone. Goiter develops when TH levels are low due to excess TSH stimulation

66
Q

Cyclic AMP signaling

A

amino acid-based hormones use this mechanism to exert their actions & involves hormone binding to plasma membrane receptors

67
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

amino acid-based hormone but is not water soluble& therefore binds to intracellular receptors

68
Q

Acute stress involves

A

neural stimuli from the hypothalamus to the adrenal medulla (releases the catecholamines,adrenalin & noradrenalin, from modified sympathetic neurons), to result in a fight or flight response

69
Q

The skin synthesizes…

A

inactive Vitamin D

70
Q

Leptin

A

promotes feelings of satiety

71
Q

Flexion and extension

A

flexion is with the movement and extension is against the movement. eg. arm back behind body

72
Q

What is the full STRUCTURAL classification of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket

73
Q

What tissue/s make up the skeletal muscle organ?

A

Muscle tissue and connective tissue

74
Q

Effect, target, stimulated by, inhibited by

Glucocorticoids: cortisol

A
  • energy metabolism, resistance of stress, & blood pressure
  • liver for glucogenesis
  • ACTH
  • increased cortisol
75
Q

Effect, target, stimulated by, inhibited by
Gonadocorticoids:
androgens

A
  • weak sex hormones
  • female public hair, libido
  • ACTH
  • unknown
76
Q

the 4 regulating factors of aldosterone release

A

decrease blood pressure (RAAS activation)
increase K+ in blood
stressors (ACTH)
increase blood pressure (ANP)

77
Q

Suggest some treatment options for diabetes type 2

A

Lifestyle changes, insulin sensitisers, insulin secretagogues

78
Q

Ad:Nad ratio

A

80:20

79
Q

What are the three main types of interaction BETWEEN hormones?

A

Permissiveness- hormone needs another to exert full effects
Synergism- two hormones exert same effect which is amplified when combined
Antagonism- opposing actions

80
Q

What are the three factors behind the degree of target cell activation for hormones?

A
  • Blood levels of hormone
  • Number of receptors
  • Strength of binding
81
Q

What hormone would trigger the release of TSH

A

TRH

82
Q

hypocalcaemia

A

low blood Ca2+

83
Q

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ________.

A

glucagon at the liver

84
Q

What are the two classification of reflexes and what is the result?

A

Autonomic -inner organs

Somatic- muscles

85
Q

What are the 3 primary regions of each cerebral hemisphere?

A

Cerebral cortex, internal white matter, basal nuclei (grey matter within white)

86
Q

What does the central sulcus separate?

A

Frontal and parietal lobe

87
Q

Which correctly identifies the types of glial cells found in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

88
Q

What are two implications of a refractory period?

A
  1. Limits firing frequency

2. The action potential can only travel in one direction

89
Q

3 stimuli that trigger hormone release

A

Humoral: caused by altered levels of critical nutrients (low Ca2+)
Neural: caused by neural input (AP)
Hormonal: caused by another hormone (from hypothalamus)

90
Q

independent and dependant variable

A

what’s changed and what’s measured

91
Q

Adenalate cyclase

A

converts ATP to 2nd messenger cAMP

92
Q

cAMP

A

second messenger- represent a further amplication of initial hormone signal

93
Q

what does cAMP activate

A

protein kinases

BIOM1070 (3 decks)

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