Module 4

Question 1

Bone shapes

Answer 1

Long, flat, short, irregular, sesamoid

Question 2

Bone layers

Answer 2

compact, spongy

Question 3

lone bone structure

Answer 3

diaphysis (shaft)

epiphysis (ends)

Question 4

vertebral column and numbers

Answer 4

cervical-7
thorasic-12
lumbar-5
sacral and coccyx

Question 5

2 types of curvatures

Answer 5

primary- thoracic and sacral

secondary- cervical and lumbar

Question 6

2 joints of vertebral column

Answer 6

nucleus pulplosis- inner gelatinous nucleus

anulus fibrosis - outer collar

Question 7

pectoral girdle made up of?

Answer 7

connection to axial skeleton- clavicle and scapula

Question 8

upper appendicular skeleton

Answer 8

humerous, radius, ulna, phalanges, carpals

Question 9

lower appendicular skeleton

Answer 9

femur, knee, patella, tibia, pelvic girdle

Question 10

pelvic girdle made of?

Answer 10

ilium, ischium, pubis

Question 11

structural classification of joints

Answer 11

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 12

functional classification of joints

Answer 12

synarthrosis (no movement)
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis (free)

Question 13

Synovial diarthrosis functions

Answer 13

nonaxial (slipping), multiaxial (movement in all 3 planes), biaxial (movement in 2 planes), uniaxial (in one plane)

Question 14

6 synovial joint features

Answer 14

articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, blood vessels

Question 15

4 accessory structures

Answer 15

menisci, fat pads, bursae and tendons

Question 16

5 main synovial joints

Answer 16

knee, shoulder elbow, hip and jaw

Question 17

6 types of synovial joints

Answer 17

plane, hinge, pivot, saddle, ball and socket and condylar

Question 18

3 levels of connective tissue

Answer 18

epimysium- surrounds entire muscle
perimysium- surrounding fascicles
endomysium- surrounds each muscle fibre

Question 19

Muscle hierarchy

Answer 19

muscle, fascicle, fibre, myofibrils, sarcomeres

Question 20

2 ways muscles attach

Answer 20

origin- fixed

insertion- freely moveable

Question 21

3 muscle functional groups

Answer 21

agonist (prime mover
antagonist
synergist

Question 22

individual muscle force is influenced by..

Answer 22

muscle architecture, sarcomere length, single motor unit, type of contraction

Question 23

3 muscle architecture types

Answer 23

parallel
pennate
circular

Question 24

2 types of sarcomere length

Answer 24

passive force- Parallel connective tissue within the muscle

active force- overlap in actin and myosin in muscle

Question 25

motor unit

Answer 25

1 motor axon and all the muscle fibres it innovates

Question 26

3 contraction types

Answer 26

concentric- movement up isometric- no movement eccentric- movement down

Question 27

functions of skeletal muscle

Answer 27

produce movement, maintain posture, stabilise joints, generate heat as they contract

Question 28

3 types of skeletal muscle fibres

Answer 28

slow oxidative fast oxidative IIA fast glycolic IIB

Question 29

joints of upper limb

Answer 29

glenohumeral- between scapula and humerous synovial ball and socket multiaxial diarthrosis elbow joint- between humerous and ulna and radius synovial hinge uniaxial diarthrosis

Question 30

Describe the difference between a direct or indirect attachment.

Answer 30

Direct is when muscle undergoes attachment. Indirect is the episium of muscle attatches to perimysium of the bone

Question 31

muscles that move pectoral girdle

Answer 31

pectoralis minor, trapezius, levator scapulae

Question 32

muscles that move glenohumeral

Answer 32

deltoid, biceps brachii

Question 33

2 compartments of forearm

Answer 33

anteromedial, posterolateral

Question 34

2 layers of compartments of forearm

Answer 34

superficial, deep

Question 35

2 joints of lower limb

Answer 35

hip- synovial ball and socket multiaxial diarthrosis knee - synovial hinge uniaxial diarthrosis

Question 36

3 compartments of the leg

Answer 36

anterior- dorsi flexion and food inversion lateral- foot eversion posterior- plantar flexion

Question 37

Muscle contraction summary

Answer 37

AP travels down the motor neuron  Ach released at the neuromuscular junction  AP runs through the sarcolemma of the muscle  AP travels down T tubules  AP triggers Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ causes actin and myosin to bind by displacing tropomyosin Sarcomeres shorten muscle contracts

Question 38

muscles of mastication

Answer 38

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

Question 39

where is buccinator located

Answer 39

muscle of facial expression

Question 40

TMJ joint

Answer 40

temporomandibular joint- synovial hinge

Question 41

muscles of the eye

Answer 41

4 rectus | 2 oblique

Question 42

erector spinae group

Answer 42

ilicostalis, longissimus, spinalis

Question 43

muscles of thorax (ribs)

Answer 43

external intercostals, internal and innermost

Question 44

Elbow movement

Answer 44

hinge

Question 45

which joint allows for flexion & extension, abduction & adduction and rotation

Answer 45

ball and socket

Question 46

What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?

Answer 46

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 47

The muscle architecture best designed for maximum force production is ...

Answer 47

multi-pennate

Question 48

The deltoid is an example of a muscle that moves the....

Answer 48

glenohumeral joint

Question 49

Which muscle is a flexor of the thigh at the hip joint?

Answer 49

psoas major

Question 50

Which muscle closes mouth?

Answer 50

Orbicularis oris

Question 51

Which is the correct order of the erector spinae muscles, from lateral to medial?

Answer 51

Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

Question 52

A bilateral contraction of the rectus abdominis would cause...

Answer 52

trunk flexion

Question 53

osteoclasts

Answer 53

break down bone

Question 54

osteoblast

Answer 54

bone formation

Question 55

nerve structure layers

Answer 55

endoneurium- inner perineurium- middle of nerve epineurium- outer (epi pen goes on outside)

Question 56

spinal nerve at end of the spinal cord

Answer 56

cauda equina

Question 57

rotator cuff muscles

Answer 57

supraspinatus. infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

Question 58

thick filaments

Answer 58

myosin

Question 59

thin filaments

Answer 59

actin, tropomyosin, troponin

Question 60

tropomyosin

Answer 60

blocks myosin binding to actin in relaxed muscle

Question 61

troponin

Answer 61

binding site for Ca2+, which displaces tropomyosin

Question 62

Type 1 muscle fibres

Answer 62

slow oxidative, fast type IIA oxidative (intermediate) | -many mitochondria and myoglobin

Question 63

type 2 muscle fibres

Answer 63

fast type IIB glycolytic | - few mitochondria ad myoglobin

Question 64

ankle classification

Answer 64

synovial hinge

Question 65

knee classification

Answer 65

synovial hinge

Question 66

shoulder (glenohumoral) classification

Answer 66

synovial ball and socket

Question 67

Action potential steps

Answer 67

resting state depolarisation -Na open repolarisation- Na close and K open hyperpolarisation- all start to close and restore