Module 2 + 3 Flashcards
1
Q
4 levels of tissue
A
connective, epithelial, nervous, muscle
2
Q
3 types of muscle tissue
A
skeletal, cardiac and connective
3
Q
4 connective tissue types
A
bone, cartilage, loose, fibrous
4
Q
transverse plane movement
A
rotation
5
Q
sagittal plane movements
A
flexion + extension
6
Q
coronal plane movements
A
abduction and adduction
7
Q
afferent nerves
A
towards CNS
8
Q
efferent nerves
A
away from CNS
9
Q
medial and lateral
A
towards midline and away from midline
10
Q
anterior and posterior
A
front of body and back of body
11
Q
proximal and distal
A
nearer to trunk and further from trunk
12
Q
superior and inferior
A
above and below
13
Q
factors affecting AP speed
A
degree of myelination, temp and diameter
14
Q
elevated ridge of cortex
A
gyrus
15
Q
spatial and temporal summation of EPSP
A
a lot of terminals, and one after another
16
Q
diencephalon regions
A
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
17
Q
brainstem regions
A
mid brain, pons, medulla oblongatta
18
Q
osteoclasts
A
break down bone
19
Q
3 white matter types
A
association, commissural, projection
20
Q
brachial plexus structure
A
roots, trunks, divisions, cords
21
Q
longitudinal fissure
A
connects left and right hemispheres
22
Q
Na+ / k+ gradients
A
3Na out, 2K in
150,15, 5,140
23
Q
Whathappenstothemembranepotentialwhentherearealotofopenpotassiumchannels inthemembraneatrest
A
-90mv
24
Q
TowhichreceptorfamiliesdoNMDAreceptors,GABAA‐receptors belong
A
ion‐channellinkedreceptors(i.e.ligand‐gated ionchannels).
25
To which receptor families do α1‐adrenoceptor belong
G protein‐coupled receptors.
26
Amygdala
emotional memory and identifying a stimulus as a frightening event.
27
Basal ganglia
involved in ‘freezing’ in fear due to their important role in coordinating movement
28
celebral lobes
parietal, frontal, temporal and occipital
29
3 meninges layers
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
30
differences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
sites of origin, length of fibres, location of ganglion
31
5 components of reflex arc
receptor, sensory, integration, motor, effector
32
What is alpha-gamma co-activation and why is it important?
Co-activation of both alpha motor neurons and gamma motor neurons. Allows the muscle spindle to be sensitive (not go ‘slack’) when a muscle contracts/shortens.
33
Differentiate between the flexor reflex and the crossed-extensor reflex
Flexor reflex –automatic withdrawal of threatened body part - touch hot plate
Crossed extensor reflex –includes the ipsilateral flexor reflex, but also a contralateral extensor reflex- cross feet when you step on glass to balance
34
Name 2 ocular reflexes and discuss the function of each
Pupillary light reflex –controls diameter of pupil in response to light intensity (regulates amount of light)
Vestibulo-ocular reflex –Controls eye movements when head moves (maintains visual field centred)
35
Basal nuclei
grey matter region deep in brain that are involved in controlling skeletal muscle movements
36
What happens when a lot of K+ channels open
allows outflow of K+, resulting in negative resting membrane potential of -70mv
37
What happens when there are no potassium channels open
membrane potential becomes -90mv
38
What happens when some sodium channels are open
resting membrane potential of -70mv
39
What happens when there are many sodium channels open
Na+ moves rapidly into cell, changing it to +62mv
40
why does the AP travel in one direction
because of the depolarisation ahead of the action potential, allowing the threshold to be reached and reinitiate the action potential there to propagate the AP down the axon. BUT behind the zone of depolarisation is a zone of repolarisation, where the sodium ion channels are in the inactivated state, so the action potential cannot move backwards towards the cell body
41
What difference does myelination make to the way that action potentials are propagated in an axon?
Myelination allows narrow diameter neurons in vertebrates to conduct action potentials at much faster speeds than would be possible without the myelin sheath, due to its electrical insulation.
42
Glucagon receptor
GPCR
43
Insulin receptor
tyrosine kinase linked receptor
44
α1‐adrenoceptors
G protein‐coupled receptors.
45
NMDA receptors and GABAa‐receptor
ion‐channel linked receptors
46
overall effect on the postsynaptic neuron depends on the...
temporal and spatial summation of EPSPs and IPSPs
47
EPSPs
Depolarisation
48
IPSPs
Hyperpolarisation
49
What receptor does glutamate stimulate
NMDA‐receptors
50
What receptor does Noradrenalin stimulate
α1‐adrenoceptors
51
What receptor does GABA stimulate
GABAa‐receptors
52
Thalamus
detect and relay information from senses.
53
Hypothalamus functions
regulation of hormone release, control centre for thermostats
54
Amygdala
emotional memory and identifying something as frightening
55
direct synaptic transmission
ion/ ligand gated receptor
56
indirect synaptic transmission
g- protein receptor
57
Amino acid neurotransmitters (direct)
glutamate, glycine, GABA
58
Amine neurotransmitters (indirect)
cAMP, cGAMP, acetycholine, serotonin
59
Flexor reflex
initiated by painful stimulus, eg touching a hot plate and moving away
60
crossed reflex
weight bearing limbs eg stepping on broken glass and other leg balances you out
61
stretch reflex and what it involves
activity of skeletal muscle, involves length of muscle ad amount of tensions
62
2 muscle spindle types
anulospiral- stimulated by rate and degree of stretch
| flower spray- stimulated by degree of stretch
63
alpha beta co activation
both extra and intra fusal mucle fibres contract so tension is maintained
64
what allows muscle spindle to be sensitive (not slack)
alpha beta co activation
65
pupillary reflex
change in pupil size in response to light
66
vesibulo ocular reflex
change in eye movement with head movement
67
what nerves contain both sensory an motor neurons
spinal nerves
68
process of knee jerk reflex
- Tapping the patella tendon causes the quadriceps muscles to stretch
- Afferent impulses sent to spinal cord,
- The motor neurons send activating information back to the quadriceps (agonist muscles) causing it to contract
- The interneurons send an inhibitory signal through the motor neurons to the hamstrings ,causing them to relax
69
In the stages of cell signalling, the signalling molecule (e.g. hormone or neurotransmitter) is directly involved in...
reception
70
The effect of adrenaline on the heart is mediated by..
a g protein coupled receptor
71
The families of receptors that mediate the effects of neurotransmitters released from neurons are
ion channel receptors and GPCRs that produce a rapid response
72
The resting membrane potential of cells is NOT influenced by...
Voltage‐gated sodium channels
73
what block voltage‐gated Na+channels
local anaesthetics
74
The process for acetylcholine release from motor neurons involves
exocytosis
75
The release of noradrenaline from a presynaptic neuron in the brain stimulated postsynaptic adrenoceptors. This resulted in cyclic AMP synthesis and an inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic neuron. This is an example of
cyclic AMP acting as a second messenger
76
Maintaining appropriate concentrations of ions across cell membranes is dependent on
the presence of ion channels in the cell membrane
77
spinal nerves are made up of...
dorsal and ventral roots
78
Dorsal rami
innovates skin and back muscles (smaller)
79
ventral rami
innovates trunk and limbs (larger)
80
what does ventral rami form
plexus
81
4 main plexuses
cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral
82
5 important nerve branches from brachial plexus
Axillary, Musculocutaneous, Median, Ulnar, Radial
