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BIOM1070 > Module 2 + 3 > Flashcards

Module 2 + 3 Flashcards

1
Q

4 levels of tissue

A

connective, epithelial, nervous, muscle

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2
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac and connective

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3
Q

4 connective tissue types

A

bone, cartilage, loose, fibrous

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4
Q

transverse plane movement

A

rotation

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5
Q

sagittal plane movements

A

flexion + extension

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6
Q

coronal plane movements

A

abduction and adduction

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7
Q

afferent nerves

A

towards CNS

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8
Q

efferent nerves

A

away from CNS

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9
Q

medial and lateral

A

towards midline and away from midline

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10
Q

anterior and posterior

A

front of body and back of body

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11
Q

proximal and distal

A

nearer to trunk and further from trunk

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12
Q

superior and inferior

A

above and below

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13
Q

factors affecting AP speed

A

degree of myelination, temp and diameter

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14
Q

elevated ridge of cortex

A

gyrus

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15
Q

spatial and temporal summation of EPSP

A

a lot of terminals, and one after another

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16
Q

diencephalon regions

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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17
Q

brainstem regions

A

mid brain, pons, medulla oblongatta

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18
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down bone

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19
Q

3 white matter types

A

association, commissural, projection

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20
Q

brachial plexus structure

A

roots, trunks, divisions, cords

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21
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

connects left and right hemispheres

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22
Q

Na+ / k+ gradients

A

3Na out, 2K in

150,15, 5,140

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23
Q

Whathappenstothemembranepotentialwhentherearealotofopenpotassiumchannels inthemembraneatrest

A

-90mv

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24
Q

TowhichreceptorfamiliesdoNMDAreceptors,GABAA‐receptors belong

A

ion‐channellinkedreceptors(i.e.ligand‐gated ionchannels).

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25
Q

To which receptor families do α1‐adrenoceptor belong

A

Gprotein‐coupledreceptors.

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26
Q

Amygdala

A

emotionalmemoryandidentifyingastimulusasafrightening event.

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27
Q

Basalganglia

A

involvedin‘freezing’in fearduetotheirimportantroleincoordinatingmovement

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28
Q

celebral lobes

A

parietal, frontal, temporal and occipital

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29
Q

3 meninges layers

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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30
Q

differences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

A

sites of origin, length of fibres, location of ganglion

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31
Q

5 components of reflex arc

A

receptor, sensory, integration, motor, effector

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32
Q

What is alpha-gamma co-activation and why is it important?

A

Co-activation of both alpha motor neurons and gamma motor neurons. Allows the muscle spindle to be sensitive (not go ‘slack’) when a muscle contracts/shortens.

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33
Q

Differentiate between the flexor reflex and the crossed-extensor reflex

A

Flexor reflex –automatic withdrawal of threatened body part - touch hot plate
Crossed extensor reflex –includes the ipsilateral flexor reflex, but also a contralateral extensor reflex- cross feet when you step on glass to balance

34
Q

Name 2 ocular reflexes and discuss the function of each

A

Pupillary light reflex –controls diameter of pupil in response to light intensity (regulates amount of light)

Vestibulo-ocular reflex –Controls eye movements when head moves (maintains visual field centred)

35
Q

Basal nuclei

A

grey matter region deep in brain that are involved in controlling skeletal muscle movements

36
Q

What happens when a lot of K+ channels open

A

allows outflow of K+, resulting in negative resting membrane potential of -70mv

37
Q

What happens when there are no potassium channels open

A

membrane potential becomes -90mv

38
Q

What happens when some sodium channels are open

A

resting membrane potential of -70mv

39
Q

What happens when there are many sodium channels open

A

Na+ moves rapidly into cell, changing it to +62mv

40
Q

why does the AP travel in one direction

A

because of the depolarisationaheadoftheactionpotential,allowingthethresholdtobe reachedandreinitiatetheactionpotentialtheretopropagatetheAPdowntheaxon. BUTbehindthezoneofdepolarisationisazoneofrepolarisation,where thesodiumionchannelsareintheinactivatedstate,sotheactionpotentialcannotmove backwardstowardsthecellbody

41
Q

Whatdifferencedoesmyelinationmaketothewaythatactionpotentialsarepropagatedinanaxon?

A

Myelinationallowsnarrowdiameterneuronsinvertebratestoconductactionpotentials atmuchfasterspeedsthanwouldbepossiblewithoutthemyelinsheath,duetoits electricalinsulation.

42
Q

Glucagonreceptor

A

GPCR

43
Q

Insulinreceptor

A

tyrosinekinaselinkedreceptor

44
Q

α1‐adrenoceptors

A

Gprotein‐coupledreceptors.

45
Q

NMDAreceptorsandGABAa‐receptor

A

ion‐channellinkedreceptors

46
Q

overalleffectonthepostsynapticneuron depends on the…

A

temporalandspatial summationofEPSPsandIPSPs

47
Q

EPSPs

A

Depolarisation

48
Q

IPSPs

A

Hyperpolarisation

49
Q

What receptor does glutamate stimulate

A

NMDA‐receptors

50
Q

What receptor does Noradrenalin stimulate

A

α1‐adrenoceptors

51
Q

What receptor does GABA stimulate

A

GABAa‐receptors

52
Q

Thalamus

A

detectandrelayinformationfromsenses.

53
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

regulationofhormonerelease,controlcentreforthermostats

54
Q

Amygdala

A

emotional memory and identifying something as frightening

55
Q

direct synaptic transmission

A

ion/ ligand gated receptor

56
Q

indirect synaptic transmission

A

g- protein receptor

57
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitters (direct)

A

glutamate, glycine, GABA

58
Q

Amine neurotransmitters (indirect)

A

cAMP, cGAMP, acetycholine, serotonin

59
Q

Flexor reflex

A

initiated by painful stimulus, eg touching a hot plate and moving away

60
Q

crossed reflex

A

weight bearing limbs eg stepping on broken glass and other leg balances you out

61
Q

stretch reflex and what it involves

A

activity of skeletal muscle, involves length of muscle ad amount of tensions

62
Q

2 muscle spindle types

A

anulospiral- stimulated by rate and degree of stretch

flower spray- stimulated by degree of stretch

63
Q

alpha beta co activation

A

both extra and intra fusal mucle fibres contract so tension is maintained

64
Q

what allows muscle spindle to be sensitive (not slack)

A

alpha beta co activation

65
Q

pupillary reflex

A

change in pupil size in response to light

66
Q

vesibulo ocular reflex

A

change in eye movement with head movement

67
Q

what nerves contain both sensory an motor neurons

A

spinal nerves

68
Q

process of knee jerk reflex

A
  • Tapping the patella tendon causes the quadriceps muscles to stretch
  • Afferent impulses sent to spinal cord,
  • The motor neurons send activating information back to the quadriceps (agonist muscles) causing it to contract
  • The interneurons send an inhibitory signal through the motor neurons to the hamstrings ,causing them to relax
69
Q

Inthestagesofcellsignalling,thesignallingmolecule (e.g.hormoneorneurotransmitter)isdirectlyinvolvedin…

A

reception

70
Q

Theeffectofadrenalineontheheart is mediated by..

A

a g protein coupled receptor

71
Q

Thefamiliesofreceptorsthatmediatetheeffectsof neurotransmittersreleasedfromneuronsare

A

ionchannelreceptorsandGPCRs thatproducearapidresponse

72
Q

The restingmembranepotentialof cellsisNOTinfluencedby…

A

Voltage‐gatedsodiumchannels

73
Q

what blockvoltage‐gatedNa+channels

A

local anaesthetics

74
Q

The processforacetylcholinereleasefrom motorneuronsinvolves

A

exocytosis

75
Q

Thereleaseofnoradrenalinefromapresynapticneuronin thebrainstimulatedpostsynapticadrenoceptors.This resultedincyclicAMPsynthesisandaninhibitoryeffecton thepostsynapticneuron.Thisisanexampleof

A

cyclicAMPactingasasecond messenger

76
Q

Maintainingappropriateconcentrationsofions acrosscellmembranesisdependenton

A

thepresenceofionchannelsinthe cellmembrane

77
Q

spinal nerves are made up of…

A

dorsal and ventral roots

78
Q

Dorsal rami

A

innovates skin and back muscles (smaller)

79
Q

ventral rami

A

innovates trunk and limbs (larger)

80
Q

what does ventral rami form

A

plexus

81
Q

4 main plexuses

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

82
Q

5 important nerve branches from brachial plexus

A

Axillary, Musculocutaneous, Median, Ulnar, Radial

BIOM1070 (3 decks)

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